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NAME

       libppm - functions to support portable pixmap (PPM) programs

SYNOPSIS

       #include <ppm.h>

       void ppm_init( int *argcP, char *argv[] );

       pixel ** ppm_allocarray( int cols, int rows );

       pixel * ppm_allocrow( int cols );

       void ppm_freearray( pixel **pixels, int rows );

       void ppm_freerow( pixel *pixelrow);

       void   ppm_readppminit(  FILE  *fp,  int  *colsP,  int  *rowsP,  pixval
       *maxvalP, int *formatP );

       void ppm_readppmrow(  FILE  *fp,  pixel  *pixelrow,  int  cols,  pixval
       maxval, int format );

       pixel  **  ppm_readppm(  FILE  *fp,  int  *colsP,  int  *rowsP, pixvalP
       *maxvalP );

       void ppm_writeppminit( FILE *  fp , int cols, int rows, pixval  maxval,
       int forceplain );

       void  ppm_writeppmrow(  FILE  *fp,  pixel  *pixelrow,  int cols, pixval
       maxval, int forceplain );

       void ppm_writeppm( FILE *fp, pixel  **  pixels,  int  cols,  int  rows,
       pixval maxval, int forceplain );

       void ppm_writeppm( FILE *fp, pixel **pixels, int cols, int rows, pixval
       maxval, int forceplain );

       void ppm_nextimage( FILE *file, int * const eofP);

       void ppm_check( FILE * file, const enum pm_check_type check_type, const
       int format, const int cols, const int rows, const int maxval,
       enum pm_check_code * const retval);

       typedef ... pixel; typedef ... pixval;

       #define PPM_MAXMAXVAL ...

       #define PPM_OVERALLMAXVAL ...

       #define PPM_FORMAT ...

       #define RPPM_FORMAT ...

       #define PPM_TYPE PPM_FORMAT

       #define PPM_FORMAT_TYPE(format) ...

       extern pixval ppm_pbmmaxval;

       pixval  PPM_GETR(  pixel  p) pixval PPM_GETG( pixel p) pixval PPM_GETB(
       pixel p)

       void PPM_ASSIGN( pixel p, pixval red, pixval grn, pixval blu)

       int PPM_EQUAL( pixel p, pixel q)

       void  PPM_DEPTH(  pixel  newp,  pixel  p,  pixval   oldmaxval,   pixval
       newmaxval)

       float PPM_LUMIN( pixel p)

       float PPM_CHROM_R( pixel p)

       float PPM_CHROM_B( pixel p)

       pixel ppm_parsecolor( char *colorname, pixval maxval)

       char * ppm_colorname( pixel *colorP, pixval maxval, int hexok)

DESCRIPTION

   TYPES AND CONSTANTS
       Each  pixel  contains  three pixvals, each of which should contain only
       the values between 0 and PPM_MAXMAXVAL.  ppm_pbmmaxval  is  the  maxval
       used  when  a PPM program reads a PBM file.  Normally it is 1; however,
       for some programs, a larger value gives better results.

   MANIPULATING PIXELS
       The macros PPM_GETR, PPM_GETG, and PPM_GETB retrieve the red, green, or
       blue sample, respectively, from the given pixel.

       The  PPM_ASSIGN  macro  assigns the given values to the red, green, and
       blue samples of the given pixel.

       The PPM_EQUAL macro tests two pixels for equality.

       The PPM_DEPTH macro scales the colors of pixel p according the old  and
       new maxvals and assigns the new values to newp.  It is intended to make
       writing ppmtowhatever easier.

       The PPM_LUMIN,  PPM_CHROM_R,  and  PPM_CHROM_B,  macros  determine  the
       luminance,  red chrominance, and blue chrominance, respectively, of the
       pixel p.  The scale of all these values is the same as the scale of the
       input  samples  (i.e.  0 to maxval for luminance, -maxval/2 to maxval/2
       for chrominance).

       Note that the macros do it by floating point  multiplication.   If  you
       are   computing   these   values  over  an  entire  image,  it  may  be
       significantly faster to  do  it  with  multiplication  tables  instead.
       Compute  all  the possible products once up front, then for each pixel,
       just look up the products in the tables.

   INITIALIZATION
       All PPM programs must call ppm_init()  just  after  invocation,  before
       they process their arguments.

   MEMORY MANAGEMENT
       ppm_allocarray() allocates an array of pixels.

       ppm_allocrow() allocates a row of the given number of pixels.

       ppm_freearray()   frees   the  array  allocated  with  ppm_allocarray()
       containing the given number of rows.

       ppm_freerow() frees a row of pixelss allocated with ppm_allocrow().

   READING FILES
       If a function in this section is called on a PBM or PGM format file, it
       translates the PBM or PGM file into a PPM file on the fly and functions
       as if it were called on the equivalent  PPM  file.   The  format  value
       returned   by   ppm_readppminit()  is,  however,  not  translated.   It
       represents the actual format of the PBM or PGM file.

       ppm_readppminit() reads the header of a PPM  file,  returning  all  the
       information  from the header and leaving the file positioned just after
       the header.

       ppm_readppmrow() reads  a  row  of  pixels  into  the  pixelrow  array.
       format,  cols, and maxval are the values returned by ppm_readppminit().

       ppm_readppm() reads an entire PPM  image  into  memory,  returning  the
       allocated  array as its return value and returning the information from
       the  header  as  rows,  cols,  and  maxval.   This  function   combines
       ppm_readppminit(), ppm_allocarray(), and ppm_readppmrow().

   WRITING FILES
       ppm_writeppminit()  writes  the  header  for  a  PPM file and leaves it
       positioned just after the header.

       forceplain is a logical value that tells ppm_writeppminit() to write  a
       header  for  a  plain  PPM  format file, as opposed to a raw PPM format
       file.

       ppm_writeppmrow()  writes  the  row  pixelrow  to  a  PPM  file.    For
       meaningful  results,  cols,  maxval, and forceplain must be the same as
       was used with ppm_writeppminit().

       ppm_writeppm() write the header and all data for  a  PPM  image.   This
       function combines ppm_writeppminit() and ppm_writeppmrow().

   MISCELLANEOUS
       ppm_nextimage()  positions a PPM input file to the next image in it (so
       that a subsequent ppm_readppminit() reads its header).

       ppm_nextimage() is analogous to pbm_nextimage(), but works on PPM, PGM,
       and PBM files.

       ppm_check()  checks  for the common file integrity error where the file
       is the wrong size to contain all the image data.

       ppm_check() is analogous to pbm_check(), but works on PPM, PGM, and PBM
       files.

   COLOR NAMES
       ppm_parsecolor()  Interprets  a color specification and returns a pixel
       of the color that it indicates.  The color specification is ASCII text,
       in  one  of  three  formats:   1)  a  name,  as defined in the system’s
       X11-style  color  names  file  (e.g.   rgb.txt).    2)   an   X11-style
       hexadecimal  triple: #rgb, #rrggbb, #rrrgggbbb, or #rrrrggggbbbb.  3) A
       triplet of decimal floating point numbers from 0.0 to 1.0, representing
       red,  green,  and  blue  intensities respectively, separated by commas.
       E.g. "1.0, 0.5, .25".

       If the color specification does not conform to any  of  these  formats,
       including  the  case  that  it  is  a  name,  but is not in the rgb.txt
       database, ppm_parsecolor() exits the program via pm_error().

       ppm_colorname() Returns a string that describes the color of the  given
       pixel.   If  an X11-style color names file (e.g.  rgb.txt) is available
       and the color appears in it, ppm_colorname() returns the  name  of  the
       color from the file.  If the color does not appear in a X11-style color
       file and hexok is true, ppm_colorname()  returns  a  hexadecimal  color
       specification triple (#rrggbb).  If a X11-style color file is available
       but the color does not appear in it and hexok is false, ppm_colorname()
       returns  the  name  of  the  closest  matching color in the color file.
       Finally, if their is no X11-style color file  available  and  hexok  is
       false,  ppm_colorname()  fails  and  exits  the  program  with an error
       message.

       The string returned is  in  static  libppm  library  storage  which  is
       overwritten by every call to ppm_colorname().

   COLOR INDEXING
       Sometimes  in  processing  images, you want to associate a value with a
       particular color.  Most often, that’s because you’re generating a color
       mapped  graphics format.  In a color mapped graphics format, the raster
       contains small numbers, and the file contains a color  map  that  tells
       what  color  each  of those small numbers refers to.  If your image has
       only 256 colors, but each color takes 24 bits  to  describe,  this  can
       make  your  output  file much smaller than a straightforward RGB raster
       would.

       So, continuing the above example,  say  you  have  a  pixel  value  for
       chartreuse  and  in  your  output  file  and you are going to represent
       chartreuse by the number 12.  You need a  data  structure  that  allows
       your program quickly to find out that the number for a chartreuse pixel
       is 12.  Netpbm’s color indexing data types and functions give you that.

       colorhash_table  is  a C data type that associates an integer with each
       of an arbitrary number of colors.  It is a hash table, so it  uses  far
       less space than an array indexed by the color’s RGB values would.

       The  problem with a colorhash_table is that you can only look things up
       in it.  You can’t find out what  colors  are  in  it.   So  Netpbm  has
       another data type for representing the same information, the poorly but
       historically named colorhist_vector.  A  colorhist_vector  is  just  an
       array.   Each  entry  represents a color and contains the color’s value
       (as a pixel) and the integer value associated with it.  The entries are
       filled  in starting with subscript 0 and going consecutively up for the
       number of colors in the histogram.

       (The reason the name is poor is because a color histogram is  only  one
       of many things that could be represented by it).

       colorhash_table ppm_alloccolorhash()

       This  creates  a  colorhash_table  using dynamically allocated storage.
       There are no colors in it.  If there is not enough  storage,  it  exits
       the program with an error message.

       void ppm_freecolorhash()

       This  destroys a ppm_freecolorhash and frees all the storage associated
       with it.

       int  ppm_addtocolorhash(  colorhash_table  cht,  const  pixel  *  const
       colorP, const int value)

       This  adds  the  specified  color  to the specified colorhash_table and
       associates the specified value with it.

       You must ensure that the color you are adding isn’t already present  in
       the colorhash_table.

       There  is  no  way  to  update  an  entry  or  delete  an  entry from a
       colorhash_table.

       int ppm_lookupcolor( const colorhash_table cht,  const  pixel  *  const
       colorP )

       This looks up the specified color in the specified colorhash_table.  It
       returns the integer value associated with that color.

       If the specified color is not in the hash table, the  function  returns
       -1.   (So  if  you  assign the value -1 to a color, the return value is
       ambiguous).

       colorhist_vector ppm_colorhashtocolorhist( const  colorhash_table  cht,
       const int ncolors )

       This  converts  a  colorhash_table  to  a colorhist_vector.  The return
       value is a new colorhist_vector which you  must  eventually  free  with
       ppm_freecolorhist().

       ncolors  is  the  number  of colors in cht.  If it has more colors than
       that, ppm_colorhashtocolorhist does not create a  colorhist_vector  and
       returns NULL.

       colorhash_table  ppm_colorhisttocolorhash(  const colorhist_vector chv,
       const int ncolors )

       This poorly named function does not convert from a colorhist_vector  to
       a colorhash_table.

       It does create a colorhash_table based on a colorhist_vector input, but
       the integer value for a given color in the output is not  the  same  as
       the    integer    value   for   that   same   color   in   the   input.
       ppm_colorhisttocolorhash() ignores the integer values in the input.  In
       the  output,  the  integer  value for a color is the index in the input
       colorhist_vector for that color.

       You  can  easily  create  a  color  map  for  an   image   by   running
       ppm_computecolorhist()  over the image, then ppm_colorhisttocolorhash()
       over the result.  Now you can use ppm_lookupcolor() to  find  a  unique
       color index for any pixel in the input.

       If     the     same    color    appears    twice    in    the    input,
       ppm_colorhisttocolorhash() exit the program with an error message.

       ncolors is the number of colors in chv.

       The return value is a new colorhash_table  which  you  must  eventually
       free with ppm_freecolorhash().

   COLOR HISTOGRAMS
       The  Netpbm  libraries give you functions to examine a Netpbm image and
       determine what colors are in it and how many pixels of each  color  are
       in  it.   This  information is known as a color histogram.  Netpbm uses
       its colorhash_table data type to represent a color histogram.

       colorhash_table ppm_computecolorhash( pixel ** const pixels, const  int
       cols, const int rows, const int maxcolors, int* const colorsP )

       This poorly but historically named function generates a colorhash_table
       whose value for each color is the number of pixels in a specified image
       that  have  that  color.   (I.e.  a  color  histogram).  As a bonus, it
       returns the number of colors in the image.

       (It’s  poorly  named  because  not  all  colorhash_tables   are   color
       histograms, but that’s all it generates).

       pixels, cols, and rows describe the input image.

       maxcolors is the maximum number of colors you want processed.  If there
       are more colors that that in the  input  image,  ppm_computecolorhash()
       returns  NULL  as  its  return value and stops processing as soon as it
       discovers this.  This makes it run faster and use less memory.  One use
       for  maxcolors  is  when  you  just want to find out whether or not the
       image has more than N colors and don’t want to wait to generate a  huge
       color  table  if  so.   If  you  don’t  want any limit on the number of
       colors, specify maxcolors=0.

       ppm_computecolorhash() returns the actual number of colors in the image
       as *colorsP, but only if it is less than or equal to maxcolors.

       colorhash_table  ppm_computecolorhash2(  FILE  *  const  ifp, const int
       cols, const int rows, const pixval maxval, const int format, const  int
       maxcolors, int* const colorsP )

       This  is  the  same  as  ppm_computecolorhash()  except that instead of
       feeding it an array of pixels in storage, you  give  it  an  open  file
       stream  and  it  reads  the  image  from  the  file.   The file must be
       positioned after the header, at the raster.  Upon return, the  file  is
       still open, but its position is undefined.

       maxval  and  format are the values for the image (i.e. information from
       the file’s header).

       colorhist_vector ppm_computecolorhist( pixel ** pixels, int  cols,  int
       rows, int maxcolors, int * colorsP )

       This   is   like   ppm_computecolorhash()  except  that  it  creates  a
       colorhist_vector instead of a colorhash_table.

       If you supply a nonzero maxcolors argument, that is the maximum  number
       of  colors  you  expect  to find in the input image.  If there are more
       colors than you say in the image, ppm_computecolorhist() returns a null
       pointer as its return value and nothing meaningful as *colorsP.

       If  not,  the  function  returns the new colorhist_vector as its return
       value and the actual number of colors in the image  as  *colorsP.   The
       returned  array  has space allocated for the specified number of colors
       regardless of how many actually exist.  The extra space is at the  high
       end  of  the  array  and  is  available  for  your use in expanding the
       colorhist_vector.

       If you specify maxcolors=0, there is no limit on the number  of  colors
       returned  and the return array has space for 5 extra colors at the high
       end for your use in expanding the colorhist_vector.

       colorhist_vector ppm_computecolorhist2( FILE * ifp,
       int cols, int rows, int maxcolors, pixval maxval, int format,
       int * colorsP )

       This is the same  as  ppm_computecolorhist()  except  that  instead  of
       feeding  it  an  array  of  pixels in storage, you give it an open file
       stream and it reads  the  image  from  the  file.   The  file  must  be
       positioned  after  the header, at the raster.  Upon return, the file is
       still open, but its position is undefined.

SEE ALSO

       pbm(5), pgm(5), libpbm(3)

AUTHOR

       Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 by Tony Hansen and Jef Poskanzer.

                                                                     libppm(3)