NAME
spew - measures I/O performance and/or generates I/O load
SYNOPSIS
spew --write|--read|--read-after-write [OPTION]...
TRANSFER_SIZE[kKmMgG] FILE
DESCRIPTION
An I/O performance measurement and load generation tool. Writes and/or
reads generated data to or from a character device, block device, or
regular file.
-B, --max-buffer-size=BUFFER_SIZE
Each read(2)/write(2) call uses a maximum buffer of size
BUFFER_SIZE.
-b, --min-buffer-size=BUFFER_SIZE
Each read(2)/write(2) call uses a minimum buffer of size
BUFFER_SIZE.
-c, --continue-after-error
Continue after data integrity errors.
-d, --direct
Use direct I/O. Should only be used on block device files. Not
all operating systems support direct I/O
-g, --generate-load
Equivalent to: -v -t -P -p random -i 0.
-i, --iterations=COUNT
Write/read data COUNT times. If count is 0, repeats forever.
-l, --logfile=LOGFILE
Send log messages to LOGFILE.
--no-progress
Don’t show progress (default).
--no-rcfiles
Don’t use standard rcfiles.
-q, --no-statistics
Don’t output statistics.
--no-tui
Don’t use TUI interface.
-o, --offset=OFFSET
Seek to OFFSET before starting I/O.
-P, --progress
Show progress.
-p, --pattern=PATTERN
Use data pattern PATTERN when reading or writing data.
-r, --random
Read/Write buffers to random offsets.
--raw An alias for --read-after-write.
--rcfile=RCFILE
Read command-line options from RCFILE.
--read Read date from FILE.
--read-after-write
Read back data after writing to FILE.
-S, --seed=SEED
Use SEED for random number seed.
-s, --sync
Use synchronous I/O.
--statistics
Output statistics (default).
-t, --tui
Use curses-based, terminal user interface.
-u, --units=UNITS
Show transfer rate in UNITS units.
--usage
Show brief usage message and exit.
-V, --version
Output version information and exit.
-v, --detailed-statistics
Output detailed statistics.
--write
Write data to FILE.
-?, --help
Show this help and exit.
FILE Regular or device file to write data to.
LOGFILE
Path to a file used for logging.
MAX_BUFFER_SIZE
Minimum buffer size used in each read(2)/write(2) call (default
is MIN_BUFFER_SIZE bytes). MAX_BUFFER_SIZE. Must be an even
multiple of 512 bytes and can be specified in bytes,
kibibytes(k), kilobytes(K), mebibytes(m), megabytes(M),
gibibytes(g), gigabytes(G). tebibytes(t), or terabytes(T).
MAX_BUFFER_SIZE defaults to MIN_BUFFER_SIZE. If MAX_BUFFER_SIZE
> MIN_BUFFER_SIZE, random buffers sizes between the two limits
are used. MAX_BUFFER_SIZE must be an even multiple of
MIN_BUFFER_SIZE.
MIN_BUFFER_SIZE
Minimum buffer size used in each read(2)/write(2) call (default
is 512 bytes). MIN_BUFFER_SIZE. Must be an even multiple of 512
bytes and can be specified in bytes, kibibytes(k), kilobytes(K),
mebibytes(m), megabytes(M), gibibytes(g), gigabytes(G).
tebibytes(t), or terabytes(T).
OFFSET Position to seek to in the file before starting I/O (default is
0). OFFSET must be an even multiple of 512 bytes and can be
specified in bytes, kibibytes(k), kilobytes(K), mebibytes(m),
megabytes(M), gibibytes(g), gigabytes(G). tebibytes(t), or
terabytes(T).
PATTERN
Data pattern used when writing/reading data. Available patterns
are: none, zeros, ones, alt, random, numbers, and "#" (where "#"
is a number between 0-255). The default pattern is "none".
RCFILE Read additional command-line options from RCFILE. Other options
on the command-line will override options in RCFILE.
SEED Used to seed the random number generator Must be >= 1 and <=
2^32.
TRANSFER_SIZE
Total number of bytes to transfer (must be an even multiple of
both MIN_BUFFER_SIZE and MAX_BUFFER)SIZE). TRANSFER_SIZE can be
specified in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes.
UNITS Kibibytes(k), kilobytes(K), mebibytes(m), megabytes(M),
gibibytes(g), gigabytes(G). tebibytes(t), or terabytes(T).
EXAMPLES
spew --write -b 16k 1m /tmp/bigfile
or
spew -b 16k 1m /tmp/bigfile
Writes 1 mebibyte (1 mebibyte = 1024*1024 bytes) using 16 kibibytes (1
kibibyte = 1024 bytes) requests to the file /tmp/bigfile using the
default pattern (random). Displays the write transfer rate in
kibibytes per second and the write transfer time in seconds.
spew --write -u m -i 10 -b 1k 256k /dev/sda1
or
spew -u m -i 10 -b 1k 256k /dev/sda1
Writes 256 kibibytes using 1 kibibyte requests to the block device file
/dev/sda1 10 times using the default pattern (random). The iteration
and cumulative write transfer rates are displayed in mebibytes per
second and the iteration and cumulative write transfer times are
displayed in seconds.
spew --raw -d -o 1m -b 16m 1g /tmp/bigfile
or
regorge -s -o 1m -b 16m 1g /tmp/bigfile
Write 1 gibibyte (1 gibibyte = 1024*1024*1024 bytes) starting at an
offset of 1 mebibyte using 16 mebibyte requests to the file
/tmp/bigfile using the default pattern (random). The data is written
synchronously and flushed at file close. Then read in the same data
using the same request size and offset. The data is checked to ensure
that the data read in matches the data read out. Write and read
transfer rates are displayed in kibibytes/second. Read and write
transfer times are displayed in seconds.
spew --read -i 0 -u M -p zeros -b 512 1m /dev/zero
or
gorge -i 0 -u M -p zeros -b 512 1m /dev/zero
Read 1 mebibyte of data using 512 byte requests from the file /dev/zero
an infinite number of times using the zeros pattern (don’t check the
data). The iteration and cumulative read transfer rates are displayed
in megabytes (1 megabyte = 1,000,000 bytes) per second and the
iteration and cumulative read transfer times are displayed in seconds.
spew --raw -g -r -b 1k -B 256K 1t /dev/md1
or
regorge -g -r -b 1k -B 256K 1t /dev/md1
Write 1 tebibyte (1 tebibyte = 1024*1024*1024*1024 bytes) using 1-256
kibibyte requests to the block device /dev/md1 using the random
pattern. Random seeks are performed before each transfer, but each
block between the start and end of the data is written exactly once.
The request sizes are chosen randomly. Then read in the same data
using the same request sizes and seeks in the same sequence. Repeat
the above sequence an infinite number of times until told to quit (via
signal or TUI command).
The data is checked to ensure that the data read in matches the data
read out. A curses-based TUI is used to display iteration and
cumulative transfer rates, transfer times, and bytes transferred.
Display verbose statistics after quitting.
ALGORITHMS
The following algorithm is used to determine blocksize when
MAX_BUFFER_SIZE > MIN_BUFFER_SIZE:
Find the largest blocksize that is a power of 2 and is >=
MAX_BUFFER_SIZE. Call this maxbuffersize. Find the smallest buffersize
that is a power of 2 and is >= MIN_BUFFER_SIZE. Call this
minbuffersize. Chunksize = maxbuffersize * (difference in number of
bits between min and maxbuffersize + 1). The number of chunks is
TRANSFER_SIZE/chunksize. Call this numchunks. There will be numchunks
number of read/writes that are of size maxbuffersize, 2 * numchunks
number of read/writes that are of size maxbuffersize/2, 4 * numchunks
number of read/writes that are of size maxbuffersize/4, and so on until
minbuffersize is reached. MIN_BUFFER_SIZE is used for any remaining
transfers if TRANSFER_SIZE is not evenly divisible by chunksize.
Example: Using a MIN_BLOCK_SIZE of 1k, a MAX_BLOCK_SIZE of 8k and a
TRANSFER_SIZE of 264k results in 8 8k read/writes, 16 4k read/write, 32
2k read/writes, and 64 + 8 1k read/writes.
PATTERNS
Use the following od(1) command to examine spew generated files where a
data integrity problem has occurred:
od -A d --format=d8 --width=32 <file>
FILES
$HOME/.spewrc or $SPEWRC
Holds user default options. These options precede any options
included on the command-line.
/etc/spew.conf
Holds system-wide default options. These options precede any
options included on the command-line and options included from
$HOME/.spewrc or $SPEWRC.
AUTHOR
Written by Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>.
Copyright 2007 Hewlett-Packard Corp.