NAME
perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
DESCRIPTION
An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers on EBCDIC
based computers. We do not cover localization, internationalization,
or multi byte character set issues other than some discussion of UTF-8
and UTF-EBCDIC.
Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX.
COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS
ASCII
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII or US-
ASCII) is a set of integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply
character interpretation by the display and other systems of computers.
The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary
digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII".
ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute
document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991 (with
localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is given in the
table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that can be written
adequately with the characters in ASCII include English, Hawaiian,
Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American languages.
There are many character sets that extend the range of integers from
0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer). One
common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set.
ISO 8859
The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which adds
characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European
languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute
accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1
include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans,
Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian,
Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without the
ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style quotation
marks. This set is based on Western European extensions to ASCII and
is commonly encountered in world wide web work. In IBM character code
set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is also known as CCSID 819
(or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
EBCDIC
The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a large
collection of slightly different single and multi byte coded character
sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1 and typically run on
host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive from 8 bit byte extensions
of Hollerith punched card encodings. The layout on the cards was such
that high bits were set for the upper and lower case alphabet
characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there were gaps within each Latin
alphabet range.
Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set
identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading
zero digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant.
E.g. CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places.
Perl can be compiled on platforms that run any of three commonly used
EBCDIC character sets, listed below.
The 13 variant characters
Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that are
often mapped to different integer values. Those characters are known
as the 13 "variant" characters and are:
\ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `
When Perl is compiled for a platform, it looks at some of these
characters to guess which EBCDIC character set the platform uses, and
adapts itself accordingly to that platform. If the platform uses a
character set that is not one of the three Perl knows about, Perl will
either fail to compile, or mistakenly and silently choose one of the
three. They are:
0037
Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used in North
American English locales on the OS/400 operating system that runs on
AS/400 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1 in 237 places, in
other words they agree on only 19 code point values.
1047
Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is used under Unix
System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition for VM/ESA. CCSID
1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places.
POSIX-BC
The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens’ BS2000 system is distinct from
1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
In Unicode terminology a code point is the number assigned to a
character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned
the number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number
65. This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U",
which are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back
to numbers. The problem is: which code points to use for code points
less than 256? (for 256 and over there’s no problem: Unicode code
points are used) In EBCDIC, for the low 256 the EBCDIC code points are
used. This means that the equivalences
pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character
unpack("U", $character) == ord $character
will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over all
the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC equal A
with acute or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal 65, or non-
breaking space, not 193, or ord "A".)
Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC
· Many of the remaining problems seem to be related to case-
insensitive matching
· The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not
supported under EBCDIC, likewise for the encoding pragma.
Unicode and UTF
UTF stands for "Unicode Transformation Format". UTF-8 is an encoding
of Unicode into a sequence of 8-bit byte chunks, based on ASCII and
Latin-1. The length of a sequence required to represent a Unicode code
point depends on the ordinal number of that code point, with larger
numbers requiring more bytes. UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but based on
EBCDIC.
You may see the term "invariant" character or code point. This simply
means that the character has the same numeric value when encoded as
when not. (Note that this is a very different concept from "The 13
variant characters" mentioned above.) For example, the ordinal value
of ’A’ is 193 in most EBCDIC code pages, and also is 193 when encoded
in UTF-EBCDIC. All other code points occupy at least two bytes when
encoded. In UTF-8, the code points corresponding to the lowest 128
ordinal numbers (0 - 127: the ASCII characters) are invariant. In UTF-
EBCDIC, there are 160 invariant characters. (If you care, the EBCDIC
invariants are those characters which have ASCII equivalents, plus
those that correspond to the C1 controls (80..9f on ASCII platforms).)
A string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may be longer (but never shorter) than
one encoded in UTF-8.
Using Encode
Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode to
translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points. Encode knows about more
EBCDIC character sets than Perl can currently be compiled to run on.
use Encode 'from_to';
my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
# $a is in EBCDIC code points
from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
# $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points
use Encode 'from_to';
my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
# $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
# $a is in EBCDIC code points
For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
of PerlIO, see perluniintro.
Since version 5.8 Perl uses the new PerlIO I/O library. This enables
you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use
use Encode;
open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii");
print $f "Hello World!\n";
open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic");
print $f "Hello World!\n";
open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1");
print $f "Hello World!\n";
open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8");
print $f "Hello World!\n";
to get four files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 37 EBCDIC,
ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII since only
ASCII characters were printed), and UTF-EBCDIC (in this example
identical to normal EBCDIC since only characters that don’t differ
between EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC were printed). See the documentation of
Encode::PerlIO for details.
As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally
ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC).
SINGLE OCTET TABLES
The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including
the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the
table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1
extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly
corresponding to The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 albeit with
substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, s/CAPITAL
LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ in some other
cases (the "charnames" pragma names unfortunately do not list explicit
names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The "names" of the C1
control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are somewhat
arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are flagged
with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets are
flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you would
rather see this table listing octal values then run the table (that is,
the pod version of this document since this recipe may not work with a
pod2_other_format translation) through:
recipe 0
perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
-e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
might want to write:
recipe 1
open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
while (<FH>) {
if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
}
elsif ($7 ne '') {
printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
}
else {
printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
}
}
}
If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then run
the table through:
recipe 2
perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
-e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
recipe 3
open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
while (<FH>) {
if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
}
elsif ($7 ne '') {
printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
}
else {
printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
}
}
}
incomp- incomp-
8859-1 lete lete
chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0
<START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1
<START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2
<END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3
<END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55
<ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45
<ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46
<BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47
<BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22
<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5
<LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 ***
<VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11
<FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12
<CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13
<SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14
<SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15
<DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16
<DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17
<DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18
<DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19
<DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60
<NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61
<SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50
<END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38
<CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24
<END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25
<SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63
<ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39
<FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28
<GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29
<RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30
<UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31
<SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64
! 33 90 90 90 33 90
" 34 127 127 127 34 127
# 35 123 123 123 35 123
$ 36 91 91 91 36 91
% 37 108 108 108 37 108
& 38 80 80 80 38 80
' 39 125 125 125 39 125
( 40 77 77 77 40 77
) 41 93 93 93 41 93
* 42 92 92 92 42 92
+ 43 78 78 78 43 78
, 44 107 107 107 44 107
- 45 96 96 96 45 96
. 46 75 75 75 46 75
/ 47 97 97 97 47 97
0 48 240 240 240 48 240
1 49 241 241 241 49 241
2 50 242 242 242 50 242
3 51 243 243 243 51 243
4 52 244 244 244 52 244
5 53 245 245 245 53 245
6 54 246 246 246 54 246
7 55 247 247 247 55 247
8 56 248 248 248 56 248
9 57 249 249 249 57 249
: 58 122 122 122 58 122
; 59 94 94 94 59 94
< 60 76 76 76 60 76
= 61 126 126 126 61 126
> 62 110 110 110 62 110
? 63 111 111 111 63 111
@ 64 124 124 124 64 124
A 65 193 193 193 65 193
B 66 194 194 194 66 194
C 67 195 195 195 67 195
D 68 196 196 196 68 196
E 69 197 197 197 69 197
F 70 198 198 198 70 198
G 71 199 199 199 71 199
H 72 200 200 200 72 200
I 73 201 201 201 73 201
J 74 209 209 209 74 209
K 75 210 210 210 75 210
L 76 211 211 211 76 211
M 77 212 212 212 77 212
N 78 213 213 213 78 213
O 79 214 214 214 79 214
P 80 215 215 215 80 215
Q 81 216 216 216 81 216
R 82 217 217 217 82 217
S 83 226 226 226 83 226
T 84 227 227 227 84 227
U 85 228 228 228 85 228
V 86 229 229 229 86 229
W 87 230 230 230 87 230
X 88 231 231 231 88 231
Y 89 232 232 232 89 232
Z 90 233 233 233 90 233
[ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ###
\ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ###
] 93 187 189 189 93 189 ***
^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ###
_ 95 109 109 109 95 109
` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ###
a 97 129 129 129 97 129
b 98 130 130 130 98 130
c 99 131 131 131 99 131
d 100 132 132 132 100 132
e 101 133 133 133 101 133
f 102 134 134 134 102 134
g 103 135 135 135 103 135
h 104 136 136 136 104 136
i 105 137 137 137 105 137
j 106 145 145 145 106 145
k 107 146 146 146 107 146
l 108 147 147 147 108 147
m 109 148 148 148 109 148
n 110 149 149 149 110 149
o 111 150 150 150 111 150
p 112 151 151 151 112 151
q 113 152 152 152 113 152
r 114 153 153 153 114 153
s 115 162 162 162 115 162
t 116 163 163 163 116 163
u 117 164 164 164 117 164
v 118 165 165 165 118 165
w 119 166 166 166 119 166
x 120 167 167 167 120 167
y 121 168 168 168 121 168
z 122 169 169 169 122 169
{ 123 192 192 251 123 192 ###
| 124 79 79 79 124 79
} 125 208 208 253 125 208 ###
~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ###
<DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7
<C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32
<C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33
<C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34
<C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35
<C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36
<C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 ***
<C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6
<C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23
<C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40
<C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41
<C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42
<C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43
<C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44
<C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9
<C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10
<C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27
<C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48
<C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49
<C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26
<C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51
<C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52
<C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53
<C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54
<C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8
<C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56
<C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57
<C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58
<C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59
<C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4
<C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20
<C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62
<C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ###
<NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65
<INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66
<CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ###
<POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68
<CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69
<YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70
<BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ###
<SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72
<DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ###
<COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74
<FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81
<LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82
<NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ###
<SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84
<REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85
<MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ###
<DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87
<PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88
<SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89
<SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98
<ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99
<MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100
<PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101
<MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102
<CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103
<SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104
<MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105
<RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106
<FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112
<FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113
<FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114
<INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115
<A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65
<A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66
<A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67
<A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68
<A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69
<A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70
<CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71
<C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72
<E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73
<E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74
<E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81
<E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82
<I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83
<I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84
<I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85
<I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86
<CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87
<N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88
<O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89
<O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98
<O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99
<O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100
<O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101
<MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102
<O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103
<U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ###
<U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105
<U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ###
<U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112
<Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ###
<CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114
<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115
<a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65
<a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66
<a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67
<a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68
<a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69
<a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70
<SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71
<c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72
<e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73
<e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74
<e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81
<e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82
<i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83
<i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84
<i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85
<i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86
<SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87
<n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88
<o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89
<o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98
<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99
<o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100
<o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101
<DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102
<o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103
<u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ###
<u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105
<u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106
<u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112
<y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113
<SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114
<y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115
If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than
ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:
recipe 4
perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
-e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
-e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
-e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
-e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit 42
in the last line to 51, like this:
recipe 5
perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
-e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
-e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
-e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
-e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit 51
in the last line to 60, like this:
recipe 6
perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
-e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
-e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
-e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
-e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
To determine the character set you are running under from perl one
could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more
character values. For example:
$is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65);
$is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
Also, "\t" is a "HORIZONTAL TABULATION" character so that:
$is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9;
$is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5;
To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of the
characters that differ between them. For example:
$is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37);
$is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21);
Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any of
the code sets, e.g.:
$is_ascii = ord('[') == 91;
$is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186;
$is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173;
$is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
$is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG
$is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED
Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII
platforms from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC
platform since "\r" eq chr(13) under all of those coded character sets.
But note too that because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the
MacIntosh (which is an ASCII platform) the second $is_ascii test will
lead to trouble there.
To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC code page
you can use the Config module like so:
use Config;
$is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
CONVERSIONS
tr///
In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
above table, along with perl’s tr/// operator is all that is needed.
The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns
provide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily
reversed.
For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the
second column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\
characters) and use it in tr/// like so:
$cp_037 =
'\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' .
'\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' .
'\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' .
'\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' .
'\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' .
'\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' .
'\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' .
'\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' .
'\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' .
'\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' .
'\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' .
'\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' .
'\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' .
'\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' .
'\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' .
'\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ;
my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr///
arguments like so:
my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0
to obtain a $cp_1047 table. The fourth column of the output from
recipe 0 could provide a $cp_posix_bc table suitable for transcoding as
well.
iconv
XPG operability often implies the presence of an iconv utility
available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system’s
documentation for information on iconv.
On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the
iconv shell utility from within perl would be to:
# OS/390 or z/OS example
$ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
or the inverse map:
# OS/390 or z/OS example
$ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on
CPAN.
C RTL
The OS/390 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa()
functions.
OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
The ".." range operator treats certain character ranges with care on
EBCDIC platforms. For example the following array will have twenty six
elements on either an EBCDIC platform or an ASCII platform:
@alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25
The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results when
operating on string or character data in a perl program running on an
EBCDIC platform than when run on an ASCII platform. Here is an example
adapted from the one in perlop:
# EBCDIC-based examples
print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n"
print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n"
print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n";
print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n";
An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters in the ASCII
table is that they can "literally" be constructed as control characters
in perl, e.g. "(chr(0) eq "\c@")" "(chr(1) eq "\cA")", and so on. Perl
on EBCDIC platforms has been ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA"
to chr(1) as well, but the thirty three characters that result depend
on which code page you are using. The table below uses the character
names from the previous table but with substitutions such as s/START
OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./; s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./;
s/VERTICAL/VERT./; s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./;
s/SEPARATOR/SEP./; s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC
and 1047 sets are identical throughout this range and differ from the
0037 set at only one spot (21 decimal). Note that the "LINE FEED"
character may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII platforms but by "\cU" on
1047 or POSIX-BC platforms and cannot be generated as a "\c.letter."
control character on 0037 platforms. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two
characters not one.
chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC
------------------------------------------------------------------------
"\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***><
"\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***><
"\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING>
"\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT>
"\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT>
"\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28>
"\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.>
"\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6>
"\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE>
"\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23>
"\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13>
"\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14>
"\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.>
"\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED>
"\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN>
"\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT>
"\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN>
"\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE>
"\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE>
"\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO>
"\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE>
"\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29>
"\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> ***
"\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE>
"\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7>
"\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL>
"\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM>
"\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18>
"\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15>
"\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\
"\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.>
"\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***><
"\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***><
FUNCTION DIFFERENCES
chr() chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a
desired character return value on an EBCDIC platform. For
example:
$CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
ord() ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC
platform. For example:
$the_number_193 = ord("A");
pack() The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character
set encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:
$foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
# $foo eq "ABCD"
$foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
# same thing
$foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
# $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"
print() One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place for this
to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for CGI
script writing. For example, many perl programming guides
recommend something similar to:
print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
# this may be wrong on EBCDIC
Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for
example you should instead write that as:
print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia
That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done by
the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate
for the Macintosh however). Consult your web server’s
documentation for further details.
printf()
The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice
versa will be different from their ASCII counterparts when
executed on an EBCDIC platform. Examples include:
printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC
sort() EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results
especially for mixed case strings. This is discussed in more
detail below.
sprintf()
See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use of
sprintf would be:
$CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
unpack()
See the discussion of pack() above.
REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as [A-Z]
and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap characters.
For example, characters such as o "o WITH CIRCUMFLEX" that lie between
I and J would not be matched by the regular expression range "/[H-K]/".
This works in the other direction, too, if either of the range end
points is explicitly numeric: "[\x89-\x91]" will match "\x8e", even
though "\x89" is "i" and "\x91 " is "j", and "\x8e" is a gap character
from the alphabetic viewpoint.
If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet
regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such as "/\313/"
on EBCDIC or "/\364/" on ASCII platforms to have your regular
expression match "o WITH CIRCUMFLEX".
Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or
octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following set of
subs:
sub is_c0 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
}
sub is_print_ascii {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
}
sub is_delete {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char eq "\177";
}
sub is_c1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
}
sub is_latin_1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
}
The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code
points. However, the concern may be with characters rather than code
points and on an EBCDIC platform it may be desirable for constructs
such as "if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable
character\n";}" to print out the expected message. One way to
represent the above collection of character classification subs that is
capable of working across the four coded character sets discussed in
this document is as follows:
sub Is_c0 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
}
if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
}
if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc
return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
}
}
sub Is_print_ascii {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
}
sub Is_delete {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
return $char eq "\177";
}
else { # ebcdic
return $char eq "\007";
}
}
sub Is_c1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
}
if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
}
if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
}
if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
return $char =~
/[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/;
}
}
sub Is_latin_1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
}
if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
return $char =~
/[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
}
if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
return $char =~
/[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
}
if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
return $char =~
/[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
}
}
Note however that only the "Is_ascii_print()" sub is really independent
of coded character set. Another way to write "Is_latin_1()" would be
to use the characters in the range explicitly:
sub Is_latin_1 {
my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
$char =~ /[ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXAAAA~AeAaCEEEEeIIIIe‐N~OOOO~OeXOUUUUeYPssaaaa~aeaaaeceeeeeiiiie`n~oooo~oeXouuuueypye]/;
}
Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the
presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets.
SOCKETS
Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network
byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a host web
server where the server may take care of translation for you. Most
host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on
output.
SORTING
One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones
are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the
letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based platform
the two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter
for drive, that is:
@sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
# but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is even
carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047. An example
would be that Ee "E WITH DIAERESIS" (203) comes before ee "e WITH
DIAERESIS" (235) on an ASCII platform, but the latter (83) comes before
the former (115) on an EBCDIC platform. (Astute readers will note that
the upper case version of ss "SMALL LETTER SHARP S" is simply "SS" and
that the upper case version of ye "y WITH DIAERESIS" is not in the
0..255 range but it is at U+x0178 in Unicode, or "\x{178}" in a Unicode
enabled Perl).
The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on ASCII
platforms versus EBCDIC platforms. What follows are some suggestions
on how to deal with these differences.
Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require
some user education.
MONO CASE then sort data.
In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to
"tr///" towards the character set case most employed within the data.
If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply
tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/ then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non
Latin 1 then apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are
primarily UPPERCASE and include Latin-1 characters then apply:
tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
tr/[aaaa~aeaaaeceeeeeiiiie`n~oooo~oeouuuueyp]/[AAAA~AeAaCEEEEeIIIIe‐N~OOOO~OeOUUUUeYP]/;
s/ss/SS/g;
then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not
address the ye "y WITH DIAERESIS" character that will remain at code
point 255 on ASCII platforms, but 223 on most EBCDIC platforms where it
will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a Unicode
enabled Perl you might try:
tr/^?/\x{178}/;
The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the
case of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason.
Convert, sort data, then re convert.
This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network
connection.
Perform sorting on one type of platform only.
This strategy can employ a network connection. As such it would be
computationally expensive.
TRANSFORMATION FORMATS
There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra
character set mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was
discussed in the previous section and a few of the other more popular
mapping techniques are discussed next.
URL decoding and encoding
Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an
attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For
example the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the
form:
http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
may also be expressed as either of:
http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for ’~’. Here is an
example of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047:
$url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
# this array assumes code page 1047
my @a2e_1047 = (
0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31,
64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97,
240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111,
124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214,
215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109,
121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150,
151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27,
48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255,
65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188,
144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171,
100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119,
172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89,
68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87,
140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223
);
$url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge;
Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such a
URL under the 1047 code page:
$url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
# this array assumes code page 1047
my @e2a_1047 = (
0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31,
128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7,
144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26,
32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124,
38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94,
45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63,
248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34,
216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177,
176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164,
181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174,
172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215,
123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245,
125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255,
92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213,
48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159
);
# The following regular expression does not address the
# mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
$url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge;
where a more complete solution would split the URL into components and
apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.
In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed but the
assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047 you could
use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown.
uu encoding and decoding
The "u" template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in
EBCDIC characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example,
the following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC
computer:
$all_byte_chrs = '';
for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
$uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
ENDOFHEREDOC
if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
print "Yes ";
}
$uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
print "indeed\n";
}
Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided that
the @e2a array is filled in appropriately:
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
@e2a = ( # this must be filled in
);
$_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
while(<>) {
last if /^end/;
next if /[a-z]/;
next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) ==
int(length() / 4);
print OUT unpack("u", $_);
}
close(OUT);
chmod oct($mode), $file;
Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
On ASCII encoded platforms it is possible to strip characters outside
of the printable set using:
# This QP encoder works on ASCII only
$qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge;
Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms
would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a
array is omitted for brevity):
if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII
$delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII
@e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map
}
else { # EBCDIC
$delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC
@e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above)
}
$qp_string =~
s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge;
(although in production code the substitutions might be done in the
EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the ASCII branch
without the expense of the identity map).
Such QP strings can be decoded with:
# This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
$string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge;
$string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms
would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is omitted
for brevity):
$string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge;
$string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
Caesarian ciphers
The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for
encipherment dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed
by Gaius Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars text. A single alphabet
shift is sometimes referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is
given as a number $n after the string ’rot’ or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26
would designate identity maps on the 26 letter English version of the
Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the interesting property that alternate
subsequent invocations are identity maps (thus rot13 is its own non-
trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet rotations). Hence the
following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will work on ASCII and
EBCDIC platforms:
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
while(<>){
tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
print;
}
In one-liner form:
perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
Hashing order and checksums
To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on hashing
order there may be differences between hashes as stored on an ASCII
based platform and hashes stored on an EBCDIC based platform. XXX
I18N AND L10N
Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at
least in principle even on EBCDIC platforms. The details are system
dependent and discussed under the "OS ISSUES" in perlebcdic section
below.
MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS
Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide
characters on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it
works with the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms.
Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX.
OS ISSUES
There may be a few system dependent issues of concern to EBCDIC Perl
programmers.
OS/400
PASE The PASE environment is runtime environment for OS/400 that can
run executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400, see perlos400.
PASE is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE.
IFS access
XXX.
OS/390, z/OS
Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
chcp chcp is supported as a shell utility for displaying and
changing one’s code page. See also chcp.
dataset access
For sequential data set access try:
my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
or:
my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
OS/390, z/OS iconv
iconv is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine.
See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages.
locales On OS/390 or z/OS see locale for information on locales. The
L10N files are in /usr/nls/locale. $Config{d_setlocale} is
’define’ on OS/390 or z/OS.
VM/ESA?
XXX.
POSIX-BC?
XXX.
BUGS
This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter
translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff
implementation was known to strip accented characters to their
unaccented counterparts while attempting to view this document through
the pod2man program (for example, you may see a plain "y" rather than
one with a diaeresis as in ye). Another nroff truncated the resultant
manpage at the first occurrence of 8 bit characters.
Not all shells will allow multiple "-e" string arguments to perl to be
concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might seem
to imply.
SEE ALSO
perllocale, perlfunc, perlunicode, utf8.
REFERENCES
<http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps>
<http://www.unicode.org/>
<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/>
<http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/> ASCII: American Standard Code for
Information Infiltration Tom Jennings, September 1999.
The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore
ed., ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February
2000.
CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - Reference and
Registry, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
"Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing &
Technology, #26 Vol. 10 Issue 4, August/September 1999; ISSN 1523-0309;
Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication Fred B.
Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1998.
<http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM> IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The
biggest Computer Goof Ever Robert Bemer.
HISTORY
15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp.
AUTHOR
Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 with CCSID 0819
and 0037 help from Chris Leach and Andre Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as
well as POSIX-BC help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de.
Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and Joe
Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and registered
service marks used in this document are the property of their
respective owners.