NAME
patch - apply a diff file to an original
SYNOPSIS
patch [options] [originalfile [patchfile]]
but usually just
patch -pnum <patchfile
DESCRIPTION
patch takes a patch file patchfile containing a difference listing
produced by the diff program and applies those differences to one or
more original files, producing patched versions. Normally the patched
versions are put in place of the originals. Backups can be made; see
the -b or --backup option. The names of the files to be patched are
usually taken from the patch file, but if there’s just one file to be
patched it can be specified on the command line as originalfile.
Upon startup, patch attempts to determine the type of the diff listing,
unless overruled by a -c (--context), -e (--ed), -n (--normal), or -u
(--unified) option. Context diffs (old-style, new-style, and unified)
and normal diffs are applied by the patch program itself, while ed
diffs are simply fed to the ed(1) editor via a pipe.
patch tries to skip any leading garbage, apply the diff, and then skip
any trailing garbage. Thus you could feed an article or message
containing a diff listing to patch, and it should work. If the entire
diff is indented by a consistent amount, or if a context diff contains
lines ending in CRLF or is encapsulated one or more times by prepending
"- " to lines starting with "-" as specified by Internet RFC 934, this
is taken into account. After removing indenting or encapsulation,
lines beginning with # are ignored, as they are considered to be
comments.
With context diffs, and to a lesser extent with normal diffs, patch can
detect when the line numbers mentioned in the patch are incorrect, and
attempts to find the correct place to apply each hunk of the patch. As
a first guess, it takes the line number mentioned for the hunk, plus or
minus any offset used in applying the previous hunk. If that is not
the correct place, patch scans both forwards and backwards for a set of
lines matching the context given in the hunk. First patch looks for a
place where all lines of the context match. If no such place is found,
and it’s a context diff, and the maximum fuzz factor is set to 1 or
more, then another scan takes place ignoring the first and last line of
context. If that fails, and the maximum fuzz factor is set to 2 or
more, the first two and last two lines of context are ignored, and
another scan is made. (The default maximum fuzz factor is 2.)
Hunks with less prefix context than suffix context (after applying
fuzz) must apply at the start of the file if their first line number
is 1. Hunks with more prefix context than suffix context (after
applying fuzz) must apply at the end of the file.
If patch cannot find a place to install that hunk of the patch, it puts
the hunk out to a reject file, which normally is the name of the output
file plus a .rej suffix, or # if .rej would generate a file name that
is too long (if even appending the single character # makes the file
name too long, then # replaces the file name’s last character).
The rejected hunk comes out in unified or context diff format. If the
input was a normal diff, many of the contexts are simply null. The
line numbers on the hunks in the reject file may be different than in
the patch file: they reflect the approximate location patch thinks the
failed hunks belong in the new file rather than the old one.
As each hunk is completed, you are told if the hunk failed, and if so
which line (in the new file) patch thought the hunk should go on. If
the hunk is installed at a different line from the line number
specified in the diff, you are told the offset. A single large offset
may indicate that a hunk was installed in the wrong place. You are
also told if a fuzz factor was used to make the match, in which case
you should also be slightly suspicious. If the --verbose option is
given, you are also told about hunks that match exactly.
If no original file origfile is specified on the command line, patch
tries to figure out from the leading garbage what the name of the file
to edit is, using the following rules.
First, patch takes an ordered list of candidate file names as follows:
· If the header is that of a context diff, patch takes the old and new
file names in the header. A name is ignored if it does not have
enough slashes to satisfy the -pnum or --strip=num option. The name
/dev/null is also ignored.
· If there is an Index: line in the leading garbage and if either the
old and new names are both absent or if patch is conforming to
POSIX, patch takes the name in the Index: line.
· For the purpose of the following rules, the candidate file names are
considered to be in the order (old, new, index), regardless of the
order that they appear in the header.
Then patch selects a file name from the candidate list as follows:
· If some of the named files exist, patch selects the first name if
conforming to POSIX, and the best name otherwise.
· If patch is not ignoring RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, and SCCS (see the
-g num or --get=num option), and no named files exist but an RCS,
ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS master is found, patch selects the
first named file with an RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS master.
· If no named files exist, no RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS master
was found, some names are given, patch is not conforming to POSIX,
and the patch appears to create a file, patch selects the best name
requiring the creation of the fewest directories.
· If no file name results from the above heuristics, you are asked for
the name of the file to patch, and patch selects that name.
To determine the best of a nonempty list of file names, patch first
takes all the names with the fewest path name components; of those, it
then takes all the names with the shortest basename; of those, it then
takes all the shortest names; finally, it takes the first remaining
name.
Additionally, if the leading garbage contains a Prereq: line, patch
takes the first word from the prerequisites line (normally a version
number) and checks the original file to see if that word can be found.
If not, patch asks for confirmation before proceeding.
The upshot of all this is that you should be able to say, while in a
news interface, something like the following:
| patch -d /usr/src/local/blurfl
and patch a file in the blurfl directory directly from the article
containing the patch.
If the patch file contains more than one patch, patch tries to apply
each of them as if they came from separate patch files. This means,
among other things, that it is assumed that the name of the file to
patch must be determined for each diff listing, and that the garbage
before each diff listing contains interesting things such as file names
and revision level, as mentioned previously.
OPTIONS
-b or --backup
Make backup files. That is, when patching a file, rename or copy
the original instead of removing it. See the -V or
--version-control option for details about how backup file names are
determined.
--backup-if-mismatch
Back up a file if the patch does not match the file exactly and if
backups are not otherwise requested. This is the default unless
patch is conforming to POSIX.
--no-backup-if-mismatch
Do not back up a file if the patch does not match the file exactly
and if backups are not otherwise requested. This is the default if
patch is conforming to POSIX.
-B pref or --prefix=pref
Use the simple method to determine backup file names (see the -V
method or --version-control method option), and append pref to a
file name when generating its backup file name. For example, with
-B /junk/ the simple backup file name for src/patch/util.c is
/junk/src/patch/util.c.
--binary
Write all files in binary mode, except for standard output and
/dev/tty. When reading, disable the heuristic for transforming CRLF
line endings into LF line endings. (On POSIX-conforming systems,
reads and writes never transform line endings. On Windows, reads and
writes do transform line endings by default, and patches should be
generated by diff --binary when line endings are significant.)
-c or --context
Interpret the patch file as a ordinary context diff.
-d dir or --directory=dir
Change to the directory dir immediately, before doing anything else.
-D define or --ifdef=define
Use the #ifdef ... #endif construct to mark changes, with define as
the differentiating symbol.
--dry-run
Print the results of applying the patches without actually changing
any files.
-e or --ed
Interpret the patch file as an ed script.
-E or --remove-empty-files
Remove output files that are empty after the patches have been
applied. Normally this option is unnecessary, since patch can
examine the time stamps on the header to determine whether a file
should exist after patching. However, if the input is not a context
diff or if patch is conforming to POSIX, patch does not remove empty
patched files unless this option is given. When patch removes a
file, it also attempts to remove any empty ancestor directories.
-f or --force
Assume that the user knows exactly what he or she is doing, and do
not ask any questions. Skip patches whose headers do not say which
file is to be patched; patch files even though they have the wrong
version for the Prereq: line in the patch; and assume that patches
are not reversed even if they look like they are. This option does
not suppress commentary; use -s for that.
-F num or --fuzz=num
Set the maximum fuzz factor. This option only applies to diffs that
have context, and causes patch to ignore up to that many lines in
looking for places to install a hunk. Note that a larger fuzz
factor increases the odds of a faulty patch. The default fuzz
factor is 2, and it may not be set to more than the number of lines
of context in the context diff, ordinarily 3.
-g num or --get=num
This option controls patch’s actions when a file is under RCS or
SCCS control, and does not exist or is read-only and matches the
default version, or when a file is under ClearCase or Perforce
control and does not exist. If num is positive, patch gets (or
checks out) the file from the revision control system; if zero,
patch ignores RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, and SCCS and does not get
the file; and if negative, patch asks the user whether to get the
file. The default value of this option is given by the value of the
PATCH_GET environment variable if it is set; if not, the default
value is zero.
--help
Print a summary of options and exit.
-i patchfile or --input=patchfile
Read the patch from patchfile. If patchfile is -, read from
standard input, the default.
-l or --ignore-whitespace
Match patterns loosely, in case tabs or spaces have been munged in
your files. Any sequence of one or more blanks in the patch file
matches any sequence in the original file, and sequences of blanks
at the ends of lines are ignored. Normal characters must still
match exactly. Each line of the context must still match a line in
the original file.
--merge
Merge a patch file into the original files similar to merge(1). If a
conflict is found, patch outputs a warning and brackets the conflict
with <<<<<<< and >>>>>>> lines. A typical conflict will look like
this:
<<<<<<<
lines from the original file
=======
lines from the patch
>>>>>>>
If there are conflicts, the user should edit the result and delete
one of the alternatives. This option implies --forward and does not
take the --fuzz=num option into account.
-n or --normal
Interpret the patch file as a normal diff.
-N or --forward
Ignore patches that seem to be reversed or already applied. See
also -R.
-o outfile or --output=outfile
Send output to outfile instead of patching files in place. Do not
use this option if outfile is one of the files to be patched. When
outfile is -, send output to standard output, and send any messages
that would usually go to standard output to standard error.
-pnum or --strip=num
Strip the smallest prefix containing num leading slashes from each
file name found in the patch file. A sequence of one or more
adjacent slashes is counted as a single slash. This controls how
file names found in the patch file are treated, in case you keep
your files in a different directory than the person who sent out the
patch. For example, supposing the file name in the patch file was
/u/howard/src/blurfl/blurfl.c
setting -p0 gives the entire file name unmodified, -p1 gives
u/howard/src/blurfl/blurfl.c
without the leading slash, -p4 gives
blurfl/blurfl.c
and not specifying -p at all just gives you blurfl.c. Whatever you
end up with is looked for either in the current directory, or the
directory specified by the -d option.
--posix
Conform more strictly to the POSIX standard, as follows.
· Take the first existing file from the list (old, new, index) when
intuiting file names from diff headers.
· Do not remove files that are empty after patching.
· Do not ask whether to get files from RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or
SCCS.
· Require that all options precede the files in the command line.
· Do not backup files when there is a mismatch.
--quoting-style=word
Use style word to quote output names. The word should be one of the
following:
literal
Output names as-is.
shell Quote names for the shell if they contain shell
metacharacters or would cause ambiguous output.
shell-always
Quote names for the shell, even if they would normally not
require quoting.
c Quote names as for a C language string.
escape Quote as with c except omit the surrounding double-quote
characters.
You can specify the default value of the --quoting-style option with
the environment variable QUOTING_STYLE. If that environment
variable is not set, the default value is shell.
-r rejectfile or --reject-file=rejectfile
Put rejects into rejectfile instead of the default .rej file. When
rejectfile is -, discard rejects.
--global-reject-file=rejectfile
Same as --reject-file=rejectfile. This option is deprecated and is
a Debian-specific extension that will be removed in a future
release.
-R or --reverse
Assume that this patch was created with the old and new files
swapped. (Yes, I’m afraid that does happen occasionally, human
nature being what it is.) patch attempts to swap each hunk around
before applying it. Rejects come out in the swapped format. The -R
option does not work with ed diff scripts because there is too
little information to reconstruct the reverse operation.
If the first hunk of a patch fails, patch reverses the hunk to see
if it can be applied that way. If it can, you are asked if you want
to have the -R option set. If it can’t, the patch continues to be
applied normally. (Note: this method cannot detect a reversed patch
if it is a normal diff and if the first command is an append (i.e.
it should have been a delete) since appends always succeed, due to
the fact that a null context matches anywhere. Luckily, most
patches add or change lines rather than delete them, so most
reversed normal diffs begin with a delete, which fails, triggering
the heuristic.)
--reject-format=format
Produce reject files in the specified format (either context or
unified). Without this option, rejected hunks come out in unified
diff format if the input patch was of that format, otherwise in
ordinary context diff form.
-U or --unified-reject-files
Produce unified reject files. This option is deprecated and is a
Debian-specific extension that will be removed in a future release.
Use --reject-format=format instead.
-s or --silent or --quiet
Work silently, unless an error occurs.
-t or --batch
Suppress questions like -f, but make some different assumptions:
skip patches whose headers do not contain file names (the same as
-f); skip patches for which the file has the wrong version for the
Prereq: line in the patch; and assume that patches are reversed if
they look like they are.
-T or --set-time
Set the modification and access times of patched files from time
stamps given in context diff headers, assuming that the context diff
headers use local time. This option is not recommended, because
patches using local time cannot easily be used by people in other
time zones, and because local time stamps are ambiguous when local
clocks move backwards during daylight-saving time adjustments.
Instead of using this option, generate patches with UTC and use the
-Z or --set-utc option instead.
-u or --unified
Interpret the patch file as a unified context diff.
-v or --version
Print out patch’s revision header and patch level, and exit.
-V method or --version-control=method
Use method to determine backup file names. The method can also be
given by the PATCH_VERSION_CONTROL (or, if that’s not set, the
VERSION_CONTROL) environment variable, which is overridden by this
option. The method does not affect whether backup files are made;
it affects only the names of any backup files that are made.
The value of method is like the GNU Emacs ‘version-control’
variable; patch also recognizes synonyms that are more descriptive.
The valid values for method are (unique abbreviations are accepted):
existing or nil
Make numbered backups of files that already have them, otherwise
simple backups. This is the default.
numbered or t
Make numbered backups. The numbered backup file name for F is
F.~N~ where N is the version number.
simple or never
Make simple backups. The -B or --prefix, -Y or
--basename-prefix, and -z or --suffix options specify the simple
backup file name. If none of these options are given, then a
simple backup suffix is used; it is the value of the
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX environment variable if set, and is .orig
otherwise.
With numbered or simple backups, if the backup file name is too
long, the backup suffix ~ is used instead; if even appending ~ would
make the name too long, then ~ replaces the last character of the
file name.
--verbose
Output extra information about the work being done.
-x num or --debug=num
Set internal debugging flags of interest only to patch patchers.
-Y pref or --basename-prefix=pref
Use the simple method to determine backup file names (see the -V
method or --version-control method option), and prefix pref to the
basename of a file name when generating its backup file name. For
example, with -Y .del/ the simple backup file name for
src/patch/util.c is src/patch/.del/util.c.
-z suffix or --suffix=suffix
Use the simple method to determine backup file names (see the -V
method or --version-control method option), and use suffix as the
suffix. For example, with -z - the backup file name for
src/patch/util.c is src/patch/util.c-.
-Z or --set-utc
Set the modification and access times of patched files from time
stamps given in context diff headers, assuming that the context diff
headers use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, often known as GMT).
Also see the -T or --set-time option.
The -Z or --set-utc and -T or --set-time options normally refrain
from setting a file’s time if the file’s original time does not
match the time given in the patch header, or if its contents do not
match the patch exactly. However, if the -f or --force option is
given, the file time is set regardless.
Due to the limitations of diff output format, these options cannot
update the times of files whose contents have not changed. Also, if
you use these options, you should remove (e.g. with make clean) all
files that depend on the patched files, so that later invocations of
make do not get confused by the patched files’ times.
ENVIRONMENT
PATCH_GET
This specifies whether patch gets missing or read-only files from
RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS by default; see the -g or --get
option.
POSIXLY_CORRECT
If set, patch conforms more strictly to the POSIX standard by
default: see the --posix option.
QUOTING_STYLE
Default value of the --quoting-style option.
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX
Extension to use for simple backup file names instead of .orig.
TMPDIR, TMP, TEMP
Directory to put temporary files in; patch uses the first
environment variable in this list that is set. If none are set, the
default is system-dependent; it is normally /tmp on Unix hosts.
VERSION_CONTROL or PATCH_VERSION_CONTROL
Selects version control style; see the -v or --version-control
option.
FILES
$TMPDIR/p*
temporary files
/dev/tty
controlling terminal; used to get answers to questions asked of the
user
SEE ALSO
diff(1), ed(1), merge(1).
Marshall T. Rose and Einar A. Stefferud, Proposed Standard for Message
Encapsulation, Internet RFC 934 <URL:ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-
notes/rfc934.txt> (1985-01).
NOTES FOR PATCH SENDERS
There are several things you should bear in mind if you are going to be
sending out patches.
Create your patch systematically. A good method is the command
diff -Naur old new where old and new identify the old and new
directories. The names old and new should not contain any slashes.
The diff command’s headers should have dates and times in Universal
Time using traditional Unix format, so that patch recipients can use
the -Z or --set-utc option. Here is an example command, using Bourne
shell syntax:
LC_ALL=C TZ=UTC0 diff -Naur gcc-2.7 gcc-2.8
Tell your recipients how to apply the patch by telling them which
directory to cd to, and which patch options to use. The option string
-Np1 is recommended. Test your procedure by pretending to be a
recipient and applying your patch to a copy of the original files.
You can save people a lot of grief by keeping a patchlevel.h file which
is patched to increment the patch level as the first diff in the patch
file you send out. If you put a Prereq: line in with the patch, it
won’t let them apply patches out of order without some warning.
You can create a file by sending out a diff that compares /dev/null or
an empty file dated the Epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC) to the file you
want to create. This only works if the file you want to create doesn’t
exist already in the target directory. Conversely, you can remove a
file by sending out a context diff that compares the file to be deleted
with an empty file dated the Epoch. The file will be removed unless
patch is conforming to POSIX and the -E or --remove-empty-files option
is not given. An easy way to generate patches that create and remove
files is to use GNU diff’s -N or --new-file option.
If the recipient is supposed to use the -pN option, do not send output
that looks like this:
diff -Naur v2.0.29/prog/README prog/README
--- v2.0.29/prog/README Mon Mar 10 15:13:12 1997
+++ prog/README Mon Mar 17 14:58:22 1997
because the two file names have different numbers of slashes, and
different versions of patch interpret the file names differently. To
avoid confusion, send output that looks like this instead:
diff -Naur v2.0.29/prog/README v2.0.30/prog/README
--- v2.0.29/prog/README Mon Mar 10 15:13:12 1997
+++ v2.0.30/prog/README Mon Mar 17 14:58:22 1997
Avoid sending patches that compare backup file names like README.orig,
since this might confuse patch into patching a backup file instead of
the real file. Instead, send patches that compare the same base file
names in different directories, e.g. old/README and new/README.
Take care not to send out reversed patches, since it makes people
wonder whether they already applied the patch.
Try not to have your patch modify derived files (e.g. the file
configure where there is a line configure: configure.in in your
makefile), since the recipient should be able to regenerate the derived
files anyway. If you must send diffs of derived files, generate the
diffs using UTC, have the recipients apply the patch with the -Z or
--set-utc option, and have them remove any unpatched files that depend
on patched files (e.g. with make clean).
While you may be able to get away with putting 582 diff listings into
one file, it may be wiser to group related patches into separate files
in case something goes haywire.
DIAGNOSTICS
Diagnostics generally indicate that patch couldn’t parse your patch
file.
If the --verbose option is given, the message Hmm... indicates that
there is unprocessed text in the patch file and that patch is
attempting to intuit whether there is a patch in that text and, if so,
what kind of patch it is.
patch’s exit status is 0 if all hunks are applied successfully, 1 if
some hunks cannot be applied or there were merge conflicts, and 2 if
there is more serious trouble. When applying a set of patches in a
loop it behooves you to check this exit status so you don’t apply a
later patch to a partially patched file.
CAVEATS
Context diffs cannot reliably represent the creation or deletion of
empty files, empty directories, or special files such as symbolic
links. Nor can they represent changes to file metadata like ownership,
permissions, or whether one file is a hard link to another. If changes
like these are also required, separate instructions (e.g. a shell
script) to accomplish them should accompany the patch.
patch cannot tell if the line numbers are off in an ed script, and can
detect bad line numbers in a normal diff only when it finds a change or
deletion. A context diff using fuzz factor 3 may have the same
problem. You should probably do a context diff in these cases to see
if the changes made sense. Of course, compiling without errors is a
pretty good indication that the patch worked, but not always.
patch usually produces the correct results, even when it has to do a
lot of guessing. However, the results are guaranteed to be correct
only when the patch is applied to exactly the same version of the file
that the patch was generated from.
COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
The POSIX standard specifies behavior that differs from patch’s
traditional behavior. You should be aware of these differences if you
must interoperate with patch versions 2.1 and earlier, which do not
conform to POSIX.
· In traditional patch, the -p option’s operand was optional, and a
bare -p was equivalent to -p0. The -p option now requires an
operand, and -p 0 is now equivalent to -p0. For maximum
compatibility, use options like -p0 and -p1.
Also, traditional patch simply counted slashes when stripping path
prefixes; patch now counts pathname components. That is, a sequence
of one or more adjacent slashes now counts as a single slash. For
maximum portability, avoid sending patches containing // in file
names.
· In traditional patch, backups were enabled by default. This
behavior is now enabled with the -b or --backup option.
Conversely, in POSIX patch, backups are never made, even when there
is a mismatch. In GNU patch, this behavior is enabled with the
--no-backup-if-mismatch option, or by conforming to POSIX with the
--posix option or by setting the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment
variable.
The -b suffix option of traditional patch is equivalent to the
-b -z suffix options of GNU patch.
· Traditional patch used a complicated (and incompletely documented)
method to intuit the name of the file to be patched from the patch
header. This method did not conform to POSIX, and had a few
gotchas. Now patch uses a different, equally complicated (but
better documented) method that is optionally POSIX-conforming; we
hope it has fewer gotchas. The two methods are compatible if the
file names in the context diff header and the Index: line are all
identical after prefix-stripping. Your patch is normally compatible
if each header’s file names all contain the same number of slashes.
· When traditional patch asked the user a question, it sent the
question to standard error and looked for an answer from the first
file in the following list that was a terminal: standard error,
standard output, /dev/tty, and standard input. Now patch sends
questions to standard output and gets answers from /dev/tty.
Defaults for some answers have been changed so that patch never goes
into an infinite loop when using default answers.
· Traditional patch exited with a status value that counted the number
of bad hunks, or with status 1 if there was real trouble. Now patch
exits with status 1 if some hunks failed, or with 2 if there was
real trouble.
· Limit yourself to the following options when sending instructions
meant to be executed by anyone running GNU patch, traditional patch,
or a patch that conforms to POSIX. Spaces are significant in the
following list, and operands are required.
-c
-d dir
-D define
-e
-l
-n
-N
-o outfile
-pnum
-R
-r rejectfile
BUGS
Please report bugs via email to <bug-patch@gnu.org>.
If code has been duplicated (for instance with #ifdef OLDCODE ... #else
... #endif), patch is incapable of patching both versions, and, if it
works at all, will likely patch the wrong one, and tell you that it
succeeded to boot.
If you apply a patch you’ve already applied, patch thinks it is a
reversed patch, and offers to un-apply the patch. This could be
construed as a feature.
Computing how to merge a hunk is significantly harder than using the
standard fuzzy algorithm. Bigger hunks, more context, a bigger offset
from the original location, and a worse match all slow the algorithm
down.
COPYING
Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988 Larry Wall.
Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997,
1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that this permission notice may be included in
translations approved by the copyright holders instead of in the
original English.
AUTHORS
Larry Wall wrote the original version of patch. Paul Eggert removed
patch’s arbitrary limits; added support for binary files, setting file
times, and deleting files; and made it conform better to POSIX. Other
contributors include Wayne Davison, who added unidiff support, and
David MacKenzie, who added configuration and backup support. Andreas
Grünbacher added support for merging.
GNU