NAME
par2 - PAR 2.0 compatible file verification and repair tool.
SYNOPSIS
par2 c(reate) [options] <par2 file> [files]
par2 v(erify) [options] <par2 file> [files]
par2 r(epair) [options] <par2 file> [files]
Or:
par2create [options] <par2 file> [files]
par2verify [options] <par2 file> [files]
par2repair [options] <par2 file> [files]
DESCRIPTION
par2 is a program for creating and using PAR2 files to detect damage in
data files and repair them if necessary. It can be used with any kind
of file.
OPTIONS
-b<n> Set the Block-Count
-s<n> Set the Block-Size (Don’t use both -b and -s)
-r<n> Level of Redundancy (%)
-c<n> Recovery block count (don’t use both -r and -c)
-f<n> First Recovery-Block-Number
-u Uniform recovery file sizes
-l Limit size of recovery files (Don’t use both -u and -l)
-n<n> Number of recovery files (Don’t use both -n and -l)
-m<n> Memory (in MB) to use
-v [-v]
Be more verbose
-q [-q]
Be more quiet (-qq gives silence)
-- Treat all remaining CommandLine as filenames
EXAMPLES
With PAR 2.0 you can create PAR2 recovery files for as few as 1 or as
many as 32768 files. If you wanted to create PAR1 recovery files for a
single file you are forced to split the file into muliple parts and RAR
is frequently used for this purpose. You do NOT need to split files
with PAR 2.0.
To create PAR 2 recovery files for a single data file (e.g. one called
test.mpg), you can use the following command:
par2 create test.mpg
If test.mpg is an 800 MB file, then this will create a total of 8 PAR2
files with the following filenames (taking roughly 6 minutes on a PC
with a 1500MHz CPU):
test.mpg.par2 - This is an index file for verification only
test.mpg.vol00+01.par2 - Recovery file with 1 recovery block
test.mpg.vol01+02.par2 - Recovery file with 2 recovery blocks
test.mpg.vol03+04.par2 - Recovery file with 4 recovery blocks
test.mpg.vol07+08.par2 - Recovery file with 8 recovery blocks
test.mpg.vol15+16.par2 - Recovery file with 16 recovery blocks
test.mpg.vol31+32.par2 - Recovery file with 32 recovery blocks
test.mpg.vol63+37.par2 - Recovery file with 37 recovery blocks
The test.mpg.par2 file is 39 KB in size and the other files vary in
size from 443 KB to 15 MB.
These par2 files will enable the recovery of up to 100 errors totalling
40 MB of lost or damaged data from the original test.mpg file when it
and the par2 files are posted on UseNet.
When posting on UseNet it is recommended that you use the "-s" option
to set a blocksize that is equal to the Article size that you will use
to post the data file. If you wanted to post the test.mpg file using an
article size of 300 KB then the command you would type is:
par2 create -s307200 test.mpg
This will create 9 PAR2 files instead of 8, and they will be capable of
correcting up to 134 errors totalling 40 MB. It will take roughly 8
minutes to create the recovery files this time.
In both of these two examples, the total quantity of recovery data
created was 40 MB (which is 5% of 800 MB). If you wish to create a
greater or lesser quantity of recovery data, you can use the "-r"
option.
To create 10% recovery data instead of the default of 5% and also to
use a block size of 300 KB, you would use the following command:
par2 create -s307200 -r10 test.mpg
This would also create 9 PAR2 files, but they would be able to correct
up to 269 errors totalling 80 MB. Since twice as much recovery data is
created, it will take about 16 minutes to do so with a 1500MHz CPU.
The "-u" and "-n" options can be used to control exactly how many
recovery files are created and how the recovery blocks are distributed
amoungst them. They do not affect the total quantity of recovery data
created.
The "-f" option is used when you create additional recovery data.
e.g. If you have already created 10% and want another 5% then you migh
use the following command:
par2 create -s307200 -r5 -f300 test.mpg
This specifies the same block size (which is a requirement for
additional recovery files), 5% recovery data, and a first block number
of 300.
The "-m" option controls how much memory par2 uses. It defaults to 16
MB unless you override it.
CREATING PAR2 FILES FOR MULTIPLE DATA FILES
When creating PAR2 recovery files form multiple data files, you must
specify the base filename to use for the par2 files and the names of
all of the data files.
If test.mpg had been split into multiple RAR files, then you could use:
par2 create test.mpg.rar.par2 test.mpg.part*.rar
The files filename "test.mpg.rar.par2" says what you want the par2
files to be called and "test.mpg.part*.rar" should select all of the
RAR files.
VERIFYING AND REPAIRING
When using par2 recovery files to verify or repair the data files from
which they were created, you only need to specify the filename of one
of the par2 files to par2.
e.g.:
par2 verify test.mpg.par2
This tells par2 to use the information in test.mpg.par2 to verify the
data files.
par2 will automatically search for the other par2 files that were
created and use the information they contain to determine the filenames
of the original data files and then to verify them.
If all of the data files are ok, then par2 will report that repair will
not be required.
If any of the data files are missing or damaged, par2 will report the
details of what it has found. If the recovery files contain enough
recovery blocks to repair the damage, you will be told that repair is
possible. Otherwise you will be told exactly how many recovery blocks
will be required in order to repair.
To carry out a repair use the following command:
par2 repair test.mpg.par2
This tells par2 to verify and if possible repair any damaged or missing
files. If a repair is carried out, then each file which is repaired
will be re-verified to confirm that the repair was successful.
MISSNAMED AND INCOMPLETE DATA FILES
If any of the recovery files or data files have the wrong filename,
then par2 will not automatically find and scan them.
To have par2 scan such files, you must include them on the command line
when attempting to verify or repair.
e.g.:
par2 r test.mpg.par2 other.mpg
This tells par2 to scan the file called other.mpg to see if it contains
any data belonging to the original data files.
If one of the extra files specified in this way is an exact match for a
data file, then the repair process will rename the file so that it has
the correct filename.
Because par2 is designed to be able to find good data within a damaged
file, it can do the same with incomplete files downloaded from UseNet.
If some of the articles for a file are missing, you should still
download the file and save it to disk for par2 to scan. If you do this
then you may find that you can carry out a repair in a situation where
you would not otherwise have sufficient recovery data.
You can have par2 scan all files that are in the current directory
using a command such as:
par2 r test.mpg.par2 *
WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU ARE TOLD YOU NEED MORE RECOVERY BLOCKS
If par2 determines that any of the data files are damaged or missing
and finds that there is insufficient recovery data to effect a repair,
you will be told that you need a certain number of recovery blocks. You
can obtain these by downloading additional recovery files.
In order to make things easy, par2 files have filenames that tell you
exactly how many recovery blocks each one contains.
Assuming that the following command was used to create recovery data:
par2 c -b1000 -r5 test.mpg
Then the recovery files that are created would be called:
test.mpg.par2
test.mpg.vol00+01.par2
test.mpg.vol01+02.par2
test.mpg.vol03+04.par2
test.mpg.vol07+08.par2
test.mpg.vol15+16.par2
test.mpg.vol31+19.par2
The first file in this list does not contain any recovery data, it only
contains information sufficient to verify the data files.
Each of the other files contains a different number of recovery blocks.
The number after the ’+’ sign is the number of recovery blocks and the
number preceding the ’+’ sign is the block number of the first recovery
block in that file.
If par2 told you that you needed 10 recovery blocks, then you would
need "test.mpg.vol01+02.par2" and "test.mpg.vol07+08.par". You might of
course choose to fetch "test.mpg.vol15+16.par2" instead (in which case
you would have an extra 6 recovery blocks which would not be used for
the repair).
NOTES
This version of par2 does not support recording path information for
files. Whilst you can create recovery files for files from multiple
locations, it will expect all files to be in the current directory when
verifying and repairing. This limitation will be corrected in an
update.
REED SOLOMON CODING
PAR2 uses Reed Solomon Coding to perform its calculations. For details
of this coding technique try the following link:
‘‘A Tutorial on Reed-Solomon Coding for Fault-Tolerance in RAID-like
Systems’’ <http://www.cs.utk.edu/~plank/plank/papers/CS-.html>
AUTHOR
par2 was written by Peter Brian Clements
<peterbclements@users.sourceforge.net>.
This man page was contributed by Andres Salomon <dilinger@voxel.net>
for the Debian GNU/Linux system (but may be used by others).
May 2004 par2(1)