NAME
mawk - pattern scanning and text processing language
SYNOPSIS
mawk [-W option] [-F value] [-v var=value] [--] ’program text’ [file
...]
mawk [-W option] [-F value] [-v var=value] [-f program-file] [--] [file
...]
DESCRIPTION
mawk is an interpreter for the AWK Programming Language. The AWK
language is useful for manipulation of data files, text retrieval and
processing, and for prototyping and experimenting with algorithms.
mawk is a new awk meaning it implements the AWK language as defined in
Aho, Kernighan and Weinberger, The AWK Programming Language, Addison-
Wesley Publishing, 1988. (Hereafter referred to as the AWK book.)
mawk conforms to the Posix 1003.2 (draft 11.3) definition of the AWK
language which contains a few features not described in the AWK book,
and mawk provides a small number of extensions.
An AWK program is a sequence of pattern {action} pairs and function
definitions. Short programs are entered on the command line usually
enclosed in ’ ’ to avoid shell interpretation. Longer programs can be
read in from a file with the -f option. Data input is read from the
list of files on the command line or from standard input when the list
is empty. The input is broken into records as determined by the record
separator variable, RS. Initially, RS = "\n" and records are
synonymous with lines. Each record is compared against each pattern
and if it matches, the program text for {action} is executed.
OPTIONS
-F value sets the field separator, FS, to value.
-f file Program text is read from file instead of from the
command line. Multiple -f options are allowed.
-v var=value assigns value to program variable var.
-- indicates the unambiguous end of options.
The above options will be available with any Posix compatible
implementation of AWK, and implementation specific options are prefaced
with -W. mawk provides six:
-W version mawk writes its version and copyright to stdout and
compiled limits to stderr and exits 0.
-W dump writes an assembler like listing of the internal
representation of the program to stdout and exits 0 (on
successful compilation).
-W interactive sets unbuffered writes to stdout and line buffered reads
from stdin. Records from stdin are lines regardless of
the value of RS.
-W exec file Program text is read from file and this is the last
option. Useful on systems that support the #! "magic
number" convention for executable scripts.
-W sprintf=num adjusts the size of mawk’s internal sprintf buffer to
num bytes. More than rare use of this option indicates
mawk should be recompiled.
-W posix_space forces mawk not to consider ’\n’ to be space.
The short forms -W[vdiesp] are recognized and on some systems -We is
mandatory to avoid command line length limitations.
THE AWK LANGUAGE
1. Program structure
An AWK program is a sequence of pattern {action} pairs and user
function definitions.
A pattern can be:
BEGIN
END
expression
expression , expression
One, but not both, of pattern {action} can be omitted. If {action} is
omitted it is implicitly { print }. If pattern is omitted, then it is
implicitly matched. BEGIN and END patterns require an action.
Statements are terminated by newlines, semi-colons or both. Groups of
statements such as actions or loop bodies are blocked via { ... } as in
C. The last statement in a block doesn’t need a terminator. Blank
lines have no meaning; an empty statement is terminated with a semi-
colon. Long statements can be continued with a backslash, \. A
statement can be broken without a backslash after a comma, left brace,
&&, ||, do, else, the right parenthesis of an if, while or for
statement, and the right parenthesis of a function definition. A
comment starts with # and extends to, but does not include the end of
line.
The following statements control program flow inside blocks.
if ( expr ) statement
if ( expr ) statement else statement
while ( expr ) statement
do statement while ( expr )
for ( opt_expr ; opt_expr ; opt_expr ) statement
for ( var in array ) statement
continue
break
2. Data types, conversion and comparison
There are two basic data types, numeric and string. Numeric constants
can be integer like -2, decimal like 1.08, or in scientific notation
like -1.1e4 or .28E-3. All numbers are represented internally and all
computations are done in floating point arithmetic. So for example,
the expression 0.2e2 == 20 is true and true is represented as 1.0.
String constants are enclosed in double quotes.
"This is a string with a newline at the end.\n"
Strings can be continued across a line by escaping (\) the newline.
The following escape sequences are recognized.
\\ \
\" "
\a alert, ascii 7
\b backspace, ascii 8
\t tab, ascii 9
\n newline, ascii 10
\v vertical tab, ascii 11
\f formfeed, ascii 12
\r carriage return, ascii 13
\ddd 1, 2 or 3 octal digits for ascii ddd
\xhh 1 or 2 hex digits for ascii hh
If you escape any other character \c, you get \c, i.e., mawk ignores
the escape.
There are really three basic data types; the third is number and string
which has both a numeric value and a string value at the same time.
User defined variables come into existence when first referenced and
are initialized to null, a number and string value which has numeric
value 0 and string value "". Non-trivial number and string typed data
come from input and are typically stored in fields. (See section 4).
The type of an expression is determined by its context and automatic
type conversion occurs if needed. For example, to evaluate the
statements
y = x + 2 ; z = x "hello"
The value stored in variable y will be typed numeric. If x is not
numeric, the value read from x is converted to numeric before it is
added to 2 and stored in y. The value stored in variable z will be
typed string, and the value of x will be converted to string if
necessary and concatenated with "hello". (Of course, the value and
type stored in x is not changed by any conversions.) A string
expression is converted to numeric using its longest numeric prefix as
with atof(3). A numeric expression is converted to string by replacing
expr with sprintf(CONVFMT, expr), unless expr can be represented on the
host machine as an exact integer then it is converted to sprintf("%d",
expr). Sprintf() is an AWK built-in that duplicates the functionality
of sprintf(3), and CONVFMT is a built-in variable used for internal
conversion from number to string and initialized to "%.6g". Explicit
type conversions can be forced, expr "" is string and expr+0 is
numeric.
To evaluate, expr1 rel-op expr2, if both operands are numeric or number
and string then the comparison is numeric; if both operands are string
the comparison is string; if one operand is string, the non-string
operand is converted and the comparison is string. The result is
numeric, 1 or 0.
In boolean contexts such as, if ( expr ) statement, a string expression
evaluates true if and only if it is not the empty string ""; numeric
values if and only if not numerically zero.
3. Regular expressions
In the AWK language, records, fields and strings are often tested for
matching a regular expression. Regular expressions are enclosed in
slashes, and
expr ~ /r/
is an AWK expression that evaluates to 1 if expr "matches" r, which
means a substring of expr is in the set of strings defined by r. With
no match the expression evaluates to 0; replacing ~ with the "not
match" operator, !~ , reverses the meaning. As pattern-action pairs,
/r/ { action } and $0 ~ /r/ { action }
are the same, and for each input record that matches r, action is
executed. In fact, /r/ is an AWK expression that is equivalent to ($0
~ /r/) anywhere except when on the right side of a match operator or
passed as an argument to a built-in function that expects a regular
expression argument.
AWK uses extended regular expressions as with egrep(1). The regular
expression metacharacters, i.e., those with special meaning in regular
expressions are
^ $ . [ ] | ( ) * + ?
Regular expressions are built up from characters as follows:
c matches any non-metacharacter c.
\c matches a character defined by the same escape
sequences used in string constants or the literal
character c if \c is not an escape sequence.
. matches any character (including newline).
^ matches the front of a string.
$ matches the back of a string.
[c1c2c3...] matches any character in the class c1c2c3... . An
interval of characters is denoted c1-c2 inside a
class [...].
[^c1c2c3...] matches any character not in the class c1c2c3...
Regular expressions are built up from other regular expressions as
follows:
r1r2 matches r1 followed immediately by r2
(concatenation).
r1 | r2 matches r1 or r2 (alternation).
r* matches r repeated zero or more times.
r+ matches r repeated one or more times.
r? matches r zero or once.
(r) matches r, providing grouping.
The increasing precedence of operators is alternation, concatenation
and unary (*, + or ?).
For example,
/^[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*$/ and
/^[-+]?([0-9]+\.?|\.[0-9])[0-9]*([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?$/
are matched by AWK identifiers and AWK numeric constants respectively.
Note that . has to be escaped to be recognized as a decimal point, and
that metacharacters are not special inside character classes.
Any expression can be used on the right hand side of the ~ or !~
operators or passed to a built-in that expects a regular expression.
If needed, it is converted to string, and then interpreted as a regular
expression. For example,
BEGIN { identifier = "[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*" }
$0 ~ "^" identifier
prints all lines that start with an AWK identifier.
mawk recognizes the empty regular expression, //, which matches the
empty string and hence is matched by any string at the front, back and
between every character. For example,
echo abc | mawk { gsub(//, "X") ; print }
XaXbXcX
4. Records and fields
Records are read in one at a time, and stored in the field variable $0.
The record is split into fields which are stored in $1, $2, ..., $NF.
The built-in variable NF is set to the number of fields, and NR and FNR
are incremented by 1. Fields above $NF are set to "".
Assignment to $0 causes the fields and NF to be recomputed. Assignment
to NF or to a field causes $0 to be reconstructed by concatenating the
$i’s separated by OFS. Assignment to a field with index greater than
NF, increases NF and causes $0 to be reconstructed.
Data input stored in fields is string, unless the entire field has
numeric form and then the type is number and string. For example,
echo 24 24E |
mawk ’{ print($1>100, $1>"100", $2>100, $2>"100") }’
0 1 1 1
$0 and $2 are string and $1 is number and string. The first comparison
is numeric, the second is string, the third is string (100 is converted
to "100"), and the last is string.
5. Expressions and operators
The expression syntax is similar to C. Primary expressions are numeric
constants, string constants, variables, fields, arrays and function
calls. The identifier for a variable, array or function can be a
sequence of letters, digits and underscores, that does not start with a
digit. Variables are not declared; they exist when first referenced
and are initialized to null.
New expressions are composed with the following operators in order of
increasing precedence.
assignment = += -= *= /= %= ^=
conditional ? :
logical or ||
logical and &&
array membership in
matching ~ !~
relational < > <= >= == !=
concatenation (no explicit operator)
add ops + -
mul ops * / %
unary + -
logical not !
exponentiation ^
inc and dec ++ -- (both post and pre)
field $
Assignment, conditional and exponentiation associate right to left; the
other operators associate left to right. Any expression can be
parenthesized.
6. Arrays
Awk provides one-dimensional arrays. Array elements are expressed as
array[expr]. Expr is internally converted to string type, so, for
example, A[1] and A["1"] are the same element and the actual index is
"1". Arrays indexed by strings are called associative arrays.
Initially an array is empty; elements exist when first accessed. An
expression, expr in array evaluates to 1 if array[expr] exists, else to
0.
There is a form of the for statement that loops over each index of an
array.
for ( var in array ) statement
sets var to each index of array and executes statement. The order that
var transverses the indices of array is not defined.
The statement, delete array[expr], causes array[expr] not to exist.
mawk supports an extension, delete array, which deletes all elements of
array.
Multidimensional arrays are synthesized with concatenation using the
built-in variable SUBSEP. array[expr1,expr2] is equivalent to
array[expr1 SUBSEP expr2]. Testing for a multidimensional element uses
a parenthesized index, such as
if ( (i, j) in A ) print A[i, j]
7. Builtin-variables
The following variables are built-in and initialized before program
execution.
ARGC number of command line arguments.
ARGV array of command line arguments, 0..ARGC-1.
CONVFMT format for internal conversion of numbers to string,
initially = "%.6g".
ENVIRON array indexed by environment variables. An
environment string, var=value is stored as
ENVIRON[var] = value.
FILENAME name of the current input file.
FNR current record number in FILENAME.
FS splits records into fields as a regular expression.
NF number of fields in the current record.
NR current record number in the total input stream.
OFMT format for printing numbers; initially = "%.6g".
OFS inserted between fields on output, initially = " ".
ORS terminates each record on output, initially = "\n".
RLENGTH length set by the last call to the built-in function,
match().
RS input record separator, initially = "\n".
RSTART index set by the last call to match().
SUBSEP used to build multiple array subscripts, initially =
"\034".
8. Built-in functions
String functions
gsub(r,s,t) gsub(r,s)
Global substitution, every match of regular expression r
in variable t is replaced by string s. The number of
replacements is returned. If t is omitted, $0 is used.
An & in the replacement string s is replaced by the
matched substring of t. \& and \\ put literal & and \,
respectively, in the replacement string.
index(s,t)
If t is a substring of s, then the position where t
starts is returned, else 0 is returned. The first
character of s is in position 1.
length(s)
Returns the length of string s.
match(s,r)
Returns the index of the first longest match of regular
expression r in string s. Returns 0 if no match. As a
side effect, RSTART is set to the return value. RLENGTH
is set to the length of the match or -1 if no match. If
the empty string is matched, RLENGTH is set to 0, and 1
is returned if the match is at the front, and length(s)+1
is returned if the match is at the back.
split(s,A,r) split(s,A)
String s is split into fields by regular expression r and
the fields are loaded into array A. The number of fields
is returned. See section 11 below for more detail. If r
is omitted, FS is used.
sprintf(format,expr-list)
Returns a string constructed from expr-list according to
format. See the description of printf() below.
sub(r,s,t) sub(r,s)
Single substitution, same as gsub() except at most one
substitution.
substr(s,i,n) substr(s,i)
Returns the substring of string s, starting at index i,
of length n. If n is omitted, the suffix of s, starting
at i is returned.
tolower(s)
Returns a copy of s with all upper case characters
converted to lower case.
toupper(s)
Returns a copy of s with all lower case characters
converted to upper case.
Arithmetic functions
atan2(y,x) Arctan of y/x between -pi and pi.
cos(x) Cosine function, x in radians.
exp(x) Exponential function.
int(x) Returns x truncated towards zero.
log(x) Natural logarithm.
rand() Returns a random number between zero and one.
sin(x) Sine function, x in radians.
sqrt(x) Returns square root of x.
srand(expr) srand()
Seeds the random number generator, using the clock if
expr is omitted, and returns the value of the previous
seed. mawk seeds the random number generator from the
clock at startup so there is no real need to call
srand(). Srand(expr) is useful for repeating pseudo
random sequences.
9. Input and output
There are two output statements, print and printf.
print writes $0 ORS to standard output.
print expr1, expr2, ..., exprn
writes expr1 OFS expr2 OFS ... exprn ORS to standard
output. Numeric expressions are converted to string with
OFMT.
printf format, expr-list
duplicates the printf C library function writing to
standard output. The complete ANSI C format
specifications are recognized with conversions %c, %d,
%e, %E, %f, %g, %G, %i, %o, %s, %u, %x, %X and %%, and
conversion qualifiers h and l.
The argument list to print or printf can optionally be enclosed in
parentheses. Print formats numbers using OFMT or "%d" for exact
integers. "%c" with a numeric argument prints the corresponding 8 bit
character, with a string argument it prints the first character of the
string. The output of print and printf can be redirected to a file or
command by appending > file, >> file or | command to the end of the
print statement. Redirection opens file or command only once,
subsequent redirections append to the already open stream. By
convention, mawk associates the filename "/dev/stderr" with stderr
which allows print and printf to be redirected to stderr. mawk also
associates "-" and "/dev/stdout" with stdin and stdout which allows
these streams to be passed to functions.
The input function getline has the following variations.
getline
reads into $0, updates the fields, NF, NR and FNR.
getline < file
reads into $0 from file, updates the fields and NF.
getline var
reads the next record into var, updates NR and FNR.
getline var < file
reads the next record of file into var.
command | getline
pipes a record from command into $0 and updates the
fields and NF.
command | getline var
pipes a record from command into var.
Getline returns 0 on end-of-file, -1 on error, otherwise 1.
Commands on the end of pipes are executed by /bin/sh.
The function close(expr) closes the file or pipe associated with expr.
Close returns 0 if expr is an open file, the exit status if expr is a
piped command, and -1 otherwise. Close is used to reread a file or
command, make sure the other end of an output pipe is finished or
conserve file resources.
The function fflush(expr) flushes the output file or pipe associated
with expr. Fflush returns 0 if expr is an open output stream else -1.
Fflush without an argument flushes stdout. Fflush with an empty
argument ("") flushes all open output.
The function system(expr) uses /bin/sh to execute expr and returns the
exit status of the command expr. Changes made to the ENVIRON array are
not passed to commands executed with system or pipes.
10. User defined functions
The syntax for a user defined function is
function name( args ) { statements }
The function body can contain a return statement
return opt_expr
A return statement is not required. Function calls may be nested or
recursive. Functions are passed expressions by value and arrays by
reference. Extra arguments serve as local variables and are
initialized to null. For example, csplit(s,A) puts each character of s
into array A and returns the length of s.
function csplit(s, A, n, i)
{
n = length(s)
for( i = 1 ; i <= n ; i++ ) A[i] = substr(s, i, 1)
return n
}
Putting extra space between passed arguments and local variables is
conventional. Functions can be referenced before they are defined, but
the function name and the ’(’ of the arguments must touch to avoid
confusion with concatenation.
11. Splitting strings, records and files
Awk programs use the same algorithm to split strings into arrays with
split(), and records into fields on FS. mawk uses essentially the same
algorithm to split files into records on RS.
Split(expr,A,sep) works as follows:
(1) If sep is omitted, it is replaced by FS. Sep can be an
expression or regular expression. If it is an expression
of non-string type, it is converted to string.
(2) If sep = " " (a single space), then <SPACE> is trimmed
from the front and back of expr, and sep becomes <SPACE>.
mawk defines <SPACE> as the regular expression
/[ \t\n]+/. Otherwise sep is treated as a regular
expression, except that meta-characters are ignored for a
string of length 1, e.g., split(x, A, "*") and split(x,
A, /\*/) are the same.
(3) If expr is not string, it is converted to string. If
expr is then the empty string "", split() returns 0 and A
is set empty. Otherwise, all non-overlapping, non-null
and longest matches of sep in expr, separate expr into
fields which are loaded into A. The fields are placed in
A[1], A[2], ..., A[n] and split() returns n, the number
of fields which is the number of matches plus one. Data
placed in A that looks numeric is typed number and
string.
Splitting records into fields works the same except the pieces are
loaded into $1, $2,..., $NF. If $0 is empty, NF is set to 0 and all $i
to "".
mawk splits files into records by the same algorithm, but with the
slight difference that RS is really a terminator instead of a
separator. (ORS is really a terminator too).
E.g., if FS = ":+" and $0 = "a::b:" , then NF = 3 and $1 = "a",
$2 = "b" and $3 = "", but if "a::b:" is the contents of an input
file and RS = ":+", then there are two records "a" and "b".
RS = " " is not special.
If FS = "", then mawk breaks the record into individual characters,
and, similarly, split(s,A,"") places the individual characters of s
into A.
12. Multi-line records
Since mawk interprets RS as a regular expression, multi-line records
are easy. Setting RS = "\n\n+", makes one or more blank lines separate
records. If FS = " " (the default), then single newlines, by the rules
for <SPACE> above, become space and single newlines are field
separators.
For example, if a file is "a b\nc\n\n", RS = "\n\n+" and FS =
" ", then there is one record "a b\nc" with three fields "a",
"b" and "c". Changing FS = "\n", gives two fields "a b" and
"c"; changing FS = "", gives one field identical to the record.
If you want lines with spaces or tabs to be considered blank, set RS =
"\n([ \t]*\n)+". For compatibility with other awks, setting RS = ""
has the same effect as if blank lines are stripped from the front and
back of files and then records are determined as if RS = "\n\n+".
Posix requires that "\n" always separates records when RS = ""
regardless of the value of FS. mawk does not support this convention,
because defining "\n" as <SPACE> makes it unnecessary.
Most of the time when you change RS for multi-line records, you will
also want to change ORS to "\n\n" so the record spacing is preserved on
output.
13. Program execution
This section describes the order of program execution. First ARGC is
set to the total number of command line arguments passed to the
execution phase of the program. ARGV[0] is set the name of the AWK
interpreter and ARGV[1] ... ARGV[ARGC-1] holds the remaining command
line arguments exclusive of options and program source. For example
with
mawk -f prog v=1 A t=hello B
ARGC = 5 with ARGV[0] = "mawk", ARGV[1] = "v=1", ARGV[2] = "A", ARGV[3]
= "t=hello" and ARGV[4] = "B".
Next, each BEGIN block is executed in order. If the program consists
entirely of BEGIN blocks, then execution terminates, else an input
stream is opened and execution continues. If ARGC equals 1, the input
stream is set to stdin, else the command line arguments ARGV[1] ...
ARGV[ARGC-1] are examined for a file argument.
The command line arguments divide into three sets: file arguments,
assignment arguments and empty strings "". An assignment has the form
var=string. When an ARGV[i] is examined as a possible file argument,
if it is empty it is skipped; if it is an assignment argument, the
assignment to var takes place and i skips to the next argument; else
ARGV[i] is opened for input. If it fails to open, execution terminates
with exit code 2. If no command line argument is a file argument, then
input comes from stdin. Getline in a BEGIN action opens input. "-" as
a file argument denotes stdin.
Once an input stream is open, each input record is tested against each
pattern, and if it matches, the associated action is executed. An
expression pattern matches if it is boolean true (see the end of
section 2). A BEGIN pattern matches before any input has been read,
and an END pattern matches after all input has been read. A range
pattern, expr1,expr2 , matches every record between the match of expr1
and the match expr2 inclusively.
When end of file occurs on the input stream, the remaining command line
arguments are examined for a file argument, and if there is one it is
opened, else the END pattern is considered matched and all END actions
are executed.
In the example, the assignment v=1 takes place after the BEGIN actions
are executed, and the data placed in v is typed number and string.
Input is then read from file A. On end of file A, t is set to the
string "hello", and B is opened for input. On end of file B, the END
actions are executed.
Program flow at the pattern {action} level can be changed with the
next
exit opt_expr
statements. A next statement causes the next input record to be read
and pattern testing to restart with the first pattern {action} pair in
the program. An exit statement causes immediate execution of the END
actions or program termination if there are none or if the exit occurs
in an END action. The opt_expr sets the exit value of the program
unless overridden by a later exit or subsequent error.
EXAMPLES
1. emulate cat.
{ print }
2. emulate wc.
{ chars += length($0) + 1 # add one for the \n
words += NF
}
END{ print NR, words, chars }
3. count the number of unique "real words".
BEGIN { FS = "[^A-Za-z]+" }
{ for(i = 1 ; i <= NF ; i++) word[$i] = "" }
END { delete word[""]
for ( i in word ) cnt++
print cnt
}
4. sum the second field of every record based on the first field.
$1 ~ /credit|gain/ { sum += $2 }
$1 ~ /debit|loss/ { sum -= $2 }
END { print sum }
5. sort a file, comparing as string
{ line[NR] = $0 "" } # make sure of comparison type
# in case some lines look numeric
END { isort(line, NR)
for(i = 1 ; i <= NR ; i++) print line[i]
}
#insertion sort of A[1..n]
function isort( A, n, i, j, hold)
{
for( i = 2 ; i <= n ; i++)
{
hold = A[j = i]
while ( A[j-1] > hold )
{ j-- ; A[j+1] = A[j] }
A[j] = hold
}
# sentinel A[0] = "" will be created if needed
}
COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
The Posix 1003.2(draft 11.3) definition of the AWK language is AWK as
described in the AWK book with a few extensions that appeared in
SystemVR4 nawk. The extensions are:
New functions: toupper() and tolower().
New variables: ENVIRON[] and CONVFMT.
ANSI C conversion specifications for printf() and sprintf().
New command options: -v var=value, multiple -f options and
implementation options as arguments to -W.
Posix AWK is oriented to operate on files a line at a time. RS can be
changed from "\n" to another single character, but it is hard to find
any use for this — there are no examples in the AWK book. By
convention, RS = "", makes one or more blank lines separate records,
allowing multi-line records. When RS = "", "\n" is always a field
separator regardless of the value in FS.
mawk, on the other hand, allows RS to be a regular expression. When
"\n" appears in records, it is treated as space, and FS always
determines fields.
Removing the line at a time paradigm can make some programs simpler and
can often improve performance. For example, redoing example 3 from
above,
BEGIN { RS = "[^A-Za-z]+" }
{ word[ $0 ] = "" }
END { delete word[ "" ]
for( i in word ) cnt++
print cnt
}
counts the number of unique words by making each word a record. On
moderate size files, mawk executes twice as fast, because of the
simplified inner loop.
The following program replaces each comment by a single space in a C
program file,
BEGIN {
RS = "/\*([^*]|\*+[^/*])*\*+/"
# comment is record separator
ORS = " "
getline hold
}
{ print hold ; hold = $0 }
END { printf "%s" , hold }
Buffering one record is needed to avoid terminating the last record
with a space.
With mawk, the following are all equivalent,
x ~ /a\+b/ x ~ "a\+b" x ~ "a\\+b"
The strings get scanned twice, once as string and once as regular
expression. On the string scan, mawk ignores the escape on non-escape
characters while the AWK book advocates \c be recognized as c which
necessitates the double escaping of meta-characters in strings. Posix
explicitly declines to define the behavior which passively forces
programs that must run under a variety of awks to use the more portable
but less readable, double escape.
Posix AWK does not recognize "/dev/std{out,err}" or \x hex escape
sequences in strings. Unlike ANSI C, mawk limits the number of digits
that follows \x to two as the current implementation only supports 8
bit characters. The built-in fflush first appeared in a recent (1993)
AT&T awk released to netlib, and is not part of the posix standard.
Aggregate deletion with delete array is not part of the posix standard.
Posix explicitly leaves the behavior of FS = "" undefined, and mentions
splitting the record into characters as a possible interpretation, but
currently this use is not portable across implementations.
Finally, here is how mawk handles exceptional cases not discussed in
the AWK book or the Posix draft. It is unsafe to assume consistency
across awks and safe to skip to the next section.
substr(s, i, n) returns the characters of s in the intersection
of the closed interval [1, length(s)] and the half-open interval
[i, i+n). When this intersection is empty, the empty string is
returned; so substr("ABC", 1, 0) = "" and substr("ABC", -4, 6) =
"A".
Every string, including the empty string, matches the empty
string at the front so, s ~ // and s ~ "", are always 1 as is
match(s, //) and match(s, ""). The last two set RLENGTH to 0.
index(s, t) is always the same as match(s, t1) where t1 is the
same as t with metacharacters escaped. Hence consistency with
match requires that index(s, "") always returns 1. Also the
condition, index(s,t) != 0 if and only t is a substring of s,
requires index("","") = 1.
If getline encounters end of file, getline var, leaves var
unchanged. Similarly, on entry to the END actions, $0, the
fields and NF have their value unaltered from the last record.
SEE ALSO
egrep(1)
Aho, Kernighan and Weinberger, The AWK Programming Language, Addison-
Wesley Publishing, 1988, (the AWK book), defines the language, opening
with a tutorial and advancing to many interesting programs that delve
into issues of software design and analysis relevant to programming in
any language.
The GAWK Manual, The Free Software Foundation, 1991, is a tutorial and
language reference that does not attempt the depth of the AWK book and
assumes the reader may be a novice programmer. The section on AWK
arrays is excellent. It also discusses Posix requirements for AWK.
BUGS
mawk cannot handle ascii NUL \0 in the source or data files. You can
output NUL using printf with %c, and any other 8 bit character is
acceptable input.
mawk implements printf() and sprintf() using the C library functions,
printf and sprintf, so full ANSI compatibility requires an ANSI C
library. In practice this means the h conversion qualifier may not be
available. Also mawk inherits any bugs or limitations of the library
functions.
Implementors of the AWK language have shown a consistent lack of
imagination when naming their programs.
AUTHOR
Mike Brennan (brennan@whidbey.com).