NAME
dvdrecord - record audio or data Compact Discs and DVDs from a master
SYNOPSIS
dvdrecord [ general options ] dev=device [ track options ]
track1...trackn
DESCRIPTION
Dvdrecord is used to record data or audio Compact Discs on an Orange
Book CD- or DVD-Recorder.
The device refers to the device node or scsibus/target/lun of the CD-
Recorder. Communication on SunOS is done with the SCSI general driver
scg. Other operating systems are using a library simulation of this
driver. Possible syntax is: dev= device node or dev=
scsibus,target,lun or dev= target,lun. In the latter case, the CD-
Recorder has to be connected to the default SCSI bus of the machine.
Scsibus, target and lun are integer numbers. Some operating systems or
SCSI transport implementations may require to specify a filename in
addition. In this case the correct syntax for the device is: dev=
devicename:scsibus,target,lun or dev= devicename:target,lun. If the
name of the device node that has been specified on such a system refers
to exactly one SCSI device, a shorthand in the form dev= devicename:@
or dev= devicename:@,lun may be used instead of dev=
devicename:scsibus,target,lun.
To access remote SCSI devices, you need to prepend the SCSI device name
by a remote device indicator. The remote device indicator is either
REMOTE:user@host: or REMOTE:host:
A valid remote SCSI device name may be: REMOTE:user@host: to allow
remote SCSI bus scanning or REMOTE:user@host:1,0,0 to access the SCSI
device at host connected to SCSI bus # 1,target 0 lun 0.
To make dvdrecord integrate well with the rest of the OS, the dev=
devicenode syntax is preferred.
dev= devicename:scsibus,target,lun is provided for compatibility with
cdrtools only.
Scsibus 0 is the default SCSI bus on the machine. Watch the boot
messages for more information or look into /var/log/messages for more
information about the SCSI configuration of your machine. If you have
problems to figure out what values for scsibus,target,lun should be
used, try the -scanbus option of dvdrecord described below.
If a file /etc/dvdrecord.conf exists, the parameter to the dev= option
may also be a drive name label in said file (see FILES section).
On SVr4 compliant systems, dvdrecord uses the the real time class to
get the highest scheduling priority that is possible (higher than all
kernel processes). On systems with POSIX real time scheduling
dvdrecord uses real time scheduling too, but may not be able to gain a
priority that is higher than all kernel processes.
In Track At Once mode, each track corresponds to a single file that
contains the prepared data for that track. If the argument is ‘-’,
standard input is used for that track. Only one track may be taken
from stdin.
GENERAL OPTIONS
General options must be before any track file name or track option.
-version
Print version information and exit.
-v Increment the level of general verbosity by one. This is used
e.g. to display the progress of the writing process.
-V Increment the verbose level in respect of SCSI command transport
by one. This helps to debug problems during the writing
process, that occur in the CD-Recorder. If you get
incomprehensible error messages you should use this flag to get
more detailed output. -VV will show data buffer content in
addition. Using -V or -VV slows down the process and may be the
reason for a buffer underrun.
debug=#, -d
Set the misc debug value to # (with debug=#) or increment the
misc debug level by one (with -d). If you specify -dd, this
equals to debug=2. This may help to find problems while opening
a driver for libscg as well as with sector sizes and sector
types. Using -debug slows down the process and may be the
reason for a buffer underrun.
kdebug=#, kd=#
Tell the scg-driver to modify the kernel debug value while SCSI
commands are running.
-silent, -s
Do not print out a status report for failed SCSI commands.
-force Force to continue on some errors. This option currently
implements some tricks that will allow you to blank bad CD-RW
disks.
-dummy The CD-Recorder will go through all steps of the recording
process, but the laser is turned off during this procedure. It
is recommended to run several tests before actually writing to a
Compact Disk, if the timing and load response of the system is
not known.
-dao Set Disk At Once mode. This currently only works with MMC
drives that support Session At Once mode.
-raw Set RAW writing mode. Using this option defaults to -raw96r.
-raw96r
Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes
of raw P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2448
bytes. This is the preferred raw writing mode as it gives best
control over the CD writing process.
-raw96p
Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes
of packed P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2448
bytes. This is the less preferred raw writing mode as only a
few recorders support it and some of these recorders have bugs
in the firmware implementation. Don’t use this mode if your
recorder supports -raw96r or -raw16.
-raw16 Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 6 bytes
of P-Q subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2368 bytes.
If a recorder does not support -raw96r, this is the preferred
raw writing mode. It does not allow CD-Text or CD+Graphics to
be written, but it is the only raw writing mode in cheap CD
writers as these cheap writers in most cases do not support -dao
mode. Don’t use this mode if your recorder supports -raw96r.
-multi Allow multi session CDs to be made. This flag needs to be
present on all sessions of a multi session disk, except when you
create the last session on the media. The fixation will be done
in a way that allows the CD-Recorder to append additional
sessions later. This is done by generating a TOC with a link to
the next program area. The so generated media is not 100%
compatible to manufactured CDs (except for CDplus). Use only
for recording of multi session CDs. If this option is present,
the default track type is CD-ROM XA mode 2. The Sony drives
have no hardware support for CD-ROM XA mode 2. You have to
specify the -data option in order to create multi session disks
on these drives. As long as dvdrecord does not have a coder for
converting data sectors to audio sectors, you need to force CD-
ROM sectors by including the -data option if you like to record
a multisession disk in DAO/SAO mode. Not all drives allow
multisession CDs in DAO/SAO mode.
-msinfo
Retrieve multi session info in a form suitable for mkisofs-1.10
or later.
This option makes only sense with a CD that contains at least
one closed session and is appendable (not finally closed yet).
Some drives create error messages if you try to get the multi
session info for a disk that is not suitable for this operation.
-toc Retrieve and print out the table of contents or PMA of a CD.
With this option, dvdrecord will work with CD-R drives and with
CD-ROM drives.
-atip Retrieve and print out the ATIP (Absolute Time in Pregroove)
info of a CD recordable or CD rewritable media. With this
option, dvdrecord will try to retrieve the ATIP info. If the
actual drive does not support reading the ATIP info, it may be
that only a reduced set of information records or even nothing
is displayed. Only a limited number of MMC compliant drives
support reading the ATIP info.
If dvdrecord is able to retrieve the lead-in start time for the
first session, it will try to decode and print the manufacturer
info from the media.
-fix The disk will only be fixated (i.e. a TOC for a CD-Reader will
be written). This may be used, if for some reason the disk has
been written but not fixated. This option currently does not
work with old TEAC drives (CD-R50S and CD-R55S).
-nofix Do not fixate the disk after writing the tracks. This may be
used to create an audio disk in steps. An un-fixated disk can
usually not be used on a non CD-writer type drive but there are
audio CD players that will be able to play such a disk.
-waiti Wait for input to become available on standard input before
trying to open the SCSI driver. This allows dvdrecord to read
its input from a pipe even when writing additional sessions to a
multi session disk. When writing another session to a multi
session disk, mkisofs needs to read the old session from the
device before writing output. This cannot be done if dvdrecord
opens the SCSI driver at the same time.
-load Load the media and exit. This only works with a tray loading
mechanism but seems to be useful when using the Kodak disk
transporter.
-eject Eject disk after doing the work. Some Devices (e.g. Philips)
need to eject the medium before creating a new disk. Doing a
-dummy test and immediately creating a real disk would not work
on these devices.
speed=#
Set the speed factor of the writing process to #. # is an
integer, representing a multiple of the audio speed. This is
about 150 KB/s for CD-ROM and about 172 KB/s for CD-Audio. If
no speed option is present, dvdrecord will try to get the speed
value from the CDR_SPEED environment. If your drive has
problems with speed=2 or speed=4, you should try speed=0.
blank=type
Blank a CD-RW and exit or blank a CD-RW before writing. The
blanking type may be one of:
help Display a list of possible blanking types.
all Blank the entire disk. This may take a long time.
fast Minimally blank the disk. This results in erasing
the PMA, the TOC and the pregap.
track Blank a track.
unreserve Unreserve a reserved track.
trtail Blank the tail of a track.
unclose Unclose last session.
session Blank the last session.
If used together with the -force flag, this option may be used to blank
CD-RW disks that otherwise cannot be blanked. Note that you may need to
specify blank=all because some drives will not continue with certain
types of bad CD-RW disks. Note also that cdecord does its best if the
-force flag is used but it finally depends on the drive’s firmware
whether the blanking operation will succeed or not.
fs=# Set the fifo (ring buffer) size to #. You may use the same
method as in dd(1), sdd(1) or star(1). The number representing
the size is taken in bytes unless otherwise specified. If a
number is followed directly by the letter ‘b’, ‘k’, ‘m’, ‘s’ of
‘f’, the size is multiplied by 512, 1024, 1024*1024, 2048 or
2352. If the size consists of numbers separated by ‘x’ or ‘*’,
multiplication of the two numbers is performed. Thus fs=10x63k
will specify a fifo size of 630 kBytes.
The size specified by the fs= argument includes the shared
memory that is needed for administration. This is at least one
page of memory. If no fs= option is present, dvdrecord will try
to get the fifo size value from the CDR_FIFOSIZE environment.
The default fifo size is currently 4 MB.
The fifo is used to increase buffering for the real time writing
process. It allows the user to run a pipe from mkisofs directly
into dvdrecord. If the fifo is active and a pipe from mkisofs
into dvdrecord is used to create a CD, dvdrecord will abort
prior to do any modifications on the disk if mkisofs dies before
it starts writing. The recommended fifo size is between 4 and
32 MBytes. As a rule of thumb, the fifo size should be at least
equal to the size of the internal buffer of the CD-Recorder and
no more than half of the physical amount of RAM available in the
machine. If the fifo size is big enough, the fifo statistics
will print a fifo empty count of zero and the fifo min fill is
not below 20%. It is not wise to use too much space for the
fifo. If you need more than 8 MB to write a CD on an idle
machine, your machine is either underpowered, has hardware
problems or is mis-configured. The sun4c architecture (e.g. a
Sparcstation-2) has only MMU page table entries for 16 MBytes
per process. Using more than 14 MBytes for the fifo may cause
the operating system in this case to spend much time to
constantly reload the MMU tables. Newer machines from Sun do not
have this MMU hardware problem. I have no information on PC-
hardware regarding this problem.
If you have buffer underruns or similar problems and observe a
zero fifo empty count, you have hardware problems. The fifo size
in this case is sufficient.
dev=target
Sets the SCSI target for the CD-Recorder, see notes above. A
typical device specification is dev=6,0 . If a filename must be
provided together with the numerical target specification, the
filename is implementation specific. The correct filename in
this case can be found in the system specific manuals of the
target operating system. On a FreeBSD system without CAM
support, you need to use the control device (e.g.
/dev/rcd0.ctl). A correct device specification in this case may
be dev=/dev/rcd0.ctl:@ .
On Linux, drives connected to a parallel port adapter are mapped
to a virtual SCSI bus. Different adapters are mapped to
different targets on this virtual SCSI bus.
If no dev option is present, dvdrecord will try to get the
device from the CDR_DEVICE environment.
If the argument to the dev= option does not contain the
characters ’,’, ’/’, ’@’ or ’:’, it is interpreted as an label
name that may be found in the file /etc/dvdrecord.conf (see
FILES section).
timeout=#
Set the default SCSI command timeout value to # seconds. The
default SCSI command timeout is the minimum timeout used for
sending SCSI commands. If a SCSI command fails due to a
timeout, you may try to raise the default SCSI command timeout
above the timeout value of the failed command. If the command
runs correctly with a raised command timeout, please report the
better timeout value and the corresponding command to the author
of the program. If no timeout option is present, a default
timeout of 40 seconds is used.
driver=name
Set the user supplied driver name for the device. To get a list
of possible drivers use driver=help. The reason for the
existence of this option is to allow users to use dvdrecord with
drives that are similar to supported drives but not known
directly by dvdrecord. Use this option with extreme care. If a
wrong driver is used for a device, the possibility of creating
corrupted disks is high. The minimum problem related to a wrong
driver is that the -speed or -dummy will not work.
There are two special driver entries in the list: cdr_simul and
dvd_simul. These driver entries are designed to make timing
tests at any speed or timing tests for drives that do not
support the -dummy option. The simulation drivers implement a
drive with a buffer size of 1MB that can be changed via the
CDR_SIMUL_BUFSIZE environment variable. The simulation driver
correctly simulates even a buffer underrun condition. If the
-dummy option is present, the simulation is not aborted in case
of a buffer underrun.
driveropts=option list
Set driver specific options. The options are specified a comma
separated list. To get a list of valid options use
driveropts=help together with the -checkdrive option. Currently
only the burnfree option is implemented to support Buffer
Underrun Free writing with drives that support Buffer Underrun
Free technology. This may be called: Sanyo BURN-Proof, Ricoh
Just-Link or similar.
-checkdrive
Checks if a driver for the current drive is present and exit.
If the drive is a known drive, dvdrecord uses exit code 0.
-prcap Print the drive capabilities for SCSI-3/mmc compliant drives as
obtained from mode page 0x2A. Values marked with kB use 1000
bytes as kilo-byte, values marked with KB use 1024 bytes as
Kilo-byte.
-inq Do an inquiry for the drive, print the inquiry info and exit.
-scanbus
Scan all SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print the inquiry
strings. This option may be used to find SCSI address of the CD-
Recorder on a system. The numbers printed out as labels are
computed by: bus * 100 + target
-reset Try to reset the SCSI bus where the CD recorder is located. This
does not work on some operating systems.
-overburn
Allow dvdrecord to write more than the official size of a
medium. This feature is usually called overburning and depends
on the fact that most blank media may hold more space than the
official size. As the official size of the lead-out area on the
disk is 90 seconds (6750 sectors) and a disk usually works if
there are at least 150 sectors of lead out, all media may be
overburned by at least 88 seconds (6600 sectors). Most CD
recorders only do overburning in DAO mode. Known exceptions are
TEAC CD-R50S, TEAC CD-R55S and the Panasonic CW-7502. There is
no guarantee that your drive supports overburning at all. Make
a test to check if your drive implements the feature.
-ignsize
Ignore the known size of the medium. This options should be used
with extreme care. It exists only for debugging purposes don’t
use it for other reasons. It is not needed to write disks with
more than the nominal capacity. This option implies -overburn.
-useinfo
Use *.inf files to overwrite audio options. If this option is
used, the pregap size information is read from the *.inf file
that is associated with the file that contains the audio data
for a track.
defpregap=#
Set the default pre-gap size for all tracks except track number
1. This option currently only makes sense with the TEAC drive
when creating track-at-once disks without the 2 second silence
before each track.
This option may go away in future.
-packet
Set Packet writing mode. This is an experimental interface.
pktsize=#
Set the packet size to #, forces fixed packet mode. This is an
experimental interface.
-noclose
Do not close the current track, useful only when in packet
writing mode. This is an experimental interface.
mcn=med_cat_nr
Set the Media Catalog Number of the CD to med_cat_nr.
-text Write CD-Text created by cdrecord and based on information taken
from a file that contains ASCII information for the text
strings. Currently only the format in the *.inf files created by
cdda2wav is supported. You need to use the -useinfo option in
addition in order to tell cdrecord to read these files. If you
like to write your own CD-Text information, edit the *.inf files
with a text editor and change the field that are relevant for
CD-Text.
textfile=filename
Write CD-Text based on information found in the binary file
filename. This file must contain information in a data format
defined in the SCSI-3 MMC-2 standard and in the Red Book. The
four byte size header that is defined in the SCSI standard is
optional and make the recognition of correct data less
ambiguous. This is the best option to be used to copy CD-Text
data from existing CDs that already carry CD-Text information.
To get data in a format suitable for this option use cdrecord
-vv -toc to extract the information from disk.
-delay=delay
Set the delay at startup (for parameter verification) to delay.
Default: 9
-gui Make the output (GUI) frontend readable instead of human
readable.
TRACK OPTIONS
Track options may be mixed with track file names.
isrc=ISRC_number
Set the International Standard Recording Number for the next
track to ISRC_number.
index=list
Sets an index list for the next track. In index list is a comma
separated list of numbers that are counting from index 1. The
first entry in this list must contain a 0, the following numbers
must be an ascending list of numbers (counting in 1/75 seconds)
that represent the start of the indices. An index list in the
form: 0,7500,15000 sets index 1 to the start of the track, index
2 100 seconds from the start of the track and index 3 200
seconds from the start of the track.
-audio If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-DA (similar to Red Book) audio format. The file with data
for this tracks should contain stereo, 16-bit digital audio with
44100 samples/s. The byte order should be the following: MSB
left, LSB left, MSB right, LSB right, MSB left and so on. The
track should be a multiple of 2352 bytes. It is not possible to
put the master image of an audio track on a raw disk because
data will be read in multiple of 2352 bytes during the recording
process.
If a filename ends in .au or .wav the file is considered to be a
structured audio data file. Cdrecord assumes that the file in
this case is a Sun audio file or a Microsoft .WAV file and
extracts the audio data from the files by skipping over the non-
audio header information. In all other cases, dvdrecord will
only work correctly if the audio data stream does not have any
header. Because many structured audio files do not have an
integral number of blocks (1/75th second) in length, it is often
necessary to specify the -pad option as well. dvdrecord
recognizes that audio data in a .WAV file is stored in Intel
(little-endian) byte order, and will automatically byte-swap the
data if the CD recorder requires big-endian data. Cdrecord will
reject any audio file that does not match the Red Book
requirements of 16-bit stereo samples in PCM coding at 44100
samples/second.
Using other structured audio data formats as input to dvdrecord
will usually work if the structure of the data is the structure
described above (raw PCM data in big-endian byte order).
However, if the data format includes a header, you will hear a
click at the start of a track.
If neither -data nor -audio have been specified, dvdrecord
defaults to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and
to -data for all other files.
-swab If this flag is present, audio data is assumed to be in byte-
swapped (little-endian) order. Some types of CD-Writers e.g.
Yamaha, Sony and the new SCSI-3/mmc drives require audio data to
be presented in little-endian order, while other writers require
audio data to be presented in the big-endian (network) byte
order normally used by the SCSI protocol. Cdrecord knows if a
CD-Recorder needs audio data in big- or little-endian order, and
corrects the byte order of the data stream to match the needs of
the recorder. You only need the -swab flag if your data stream
is in Intel (little-endian) byte order.
Note that the verbose output of dvdrecord will show you if
swapping is necessary to make the byte order of the input data
fit the required byte order of the recorder. Cdrecord will not
show you if the -swab flag was actually present for a track.
-data If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM mode 1 (Yellow Book) format. The data is a multiple of
2048 bytes. The file with track data should contain an ISO-9660
or Rock Ridge filesystem image (see mkisofs for more details).
If the track data is an ufs filesystem image, fragment size
should be set to 2 KB or more to allow CR-drives with 2 KB
sector size to to be used for reading.
-data is the default, if no other flag is present.
If neither -data nor -audio have been specified, dvdrecord
defaults to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and
to -data for all other files.
-mode2 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM mode 2 format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes.
-xa1 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM XA mode 1 format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes.
-xa2 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM XA mode 2 format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes.
-cdi If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CDI format. The data is a multiple of 2048 bytes.
-isosize
Use the ISO-9660 file system size as the size of the next track.
This option is needed if you want dvdrecord to directly read the
image of a track from a raw disk partition or from a TAO master
CD. In the first case the option -isosize is needed to limit the
size of the CD to the size of the ISO filesystem. In the second
case the option -isosize is needed to prevent dvdrecord from
reading the two run out blocks that are appended by each CD-
recorder in track at once mode. These two run out blocks cannot
be read and would cause a buffer under run that would cause a
defective copy. Do not use this option on files created by
mkisofs or when dvdrecord reads the track data from stdin. In
the first case, you would prevent dvdrecord from writing the
amount of padding that has been appended by mkisofs and in the
latter case, it will not work because stdin is not seekable.
If -isosize is used for a track, dvdrecord will automatically
add padding for this track as if the -pad option has been used
but the amount of padding may be less than the padding written
by mkisofs. Note that if you use -isosize on a track that
contains Sparc boot information, the boot information will be
lost.
Note also that this option cannot be used to determine the size
of a file system if the multi session option is present.
-pad If the track is a data track, 15 sectors of zeroed data will be
added to the end of this and each subsequent data track. In
this case, the -pad option is superseded by the padsize= option.
It will remain however as a shorthand for padsize=15s. If the
-pad option refers to an audio track, dvdrecord will pad the
audio data to be a multiple of 2352 bytes. The audio data
padding is done with binary zeroes which is equal to absolute
silence.
-pad remains valid until disabled by -nopad.
padsize=#
Set the amount of data to be appended as padding to the next
track to #. Opposed to the behavior of the -pad option, the
value for padsize= is reset to zero for each new track. See fs=
option for possible arguments. Use this option if your CD-drive
is not able to read the last sectors of a track or if you want
to be able to read the CD on a Linux system with the ISO-9660
filesystem read ahead bug. If an empty file is used for track
data, this option may be used to create a disk that is entirely
made of padding.
-nopad Do not pad the following tracks - the default.
-shorttrack
Allow all subsequent tracks to violate the Read Book track
length standard which requires a minimum track length of 4
seconds. This option is only useful when used in DAO mode. Not
all drives support this feature. The drive must be accept the
resulting CUE sheet.
-noshorttrack
Re-enforce the Red Book track length standard. Tracks must be at
least 4 seconds.
pregap=#
Set the pre-gap size for the next track. This option currently
only makes sense with the TEAC drive when creating track-at-once
disks without the 2 second silence before each track.
This option may go away in future.
-preemp
If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks will indicate that the audio data has been sampled with
50/15 μsec preemphasis. The data, however is not modified
during the process of transferring from file to disk. This
option has no effect on data tracks.
-nopreemp
If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks will indicate that the audio data has been mastered with
linear data - this is the default.
-copy If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
permission to be copied without limit. This option has no
effect on data tracks.
-nocopy
If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
permission to be copied only once for personal use - this is the
default.
-scms If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
no permission to be copied anymore.
tsize=#
If the master image for the next track has been stored on a raw
disk, use this option to specify the valid amount of data on
this disk. If the image of the next track is stored in a regular
file, the size of that file is taken to determine the length of
this track. If the track contains an ISO 9660 filesystem image
use the -isosize option to determine the length of that
filesystem image.
In Disk at Once mode and with some drives that use the TEAC
programming interface, even in Track at Once mode, dvdrecord
needs to know the size of each track before starting to write
the disk. Cdrecord now checks this and aborts before starting
to write. If this happens you will need to run mkisofs -print-
size before and use the output as an argument to the tsize=
option of dvdrecord.
See fs= option for possible arguments.
EXAMPLES
For all examples below, it will be assumed that the CD-Recorder is
connected to the primary SCSI bus of the machine. The SCSI target id is
set to 2.
To record a pure CD-ROM at double speed, using data from the file
cdimage.raw:
dvdrecord -v speed=2 dev=2,0 cdimage.raw
To create an image for a ISO 9660 filesystem with Rock Ridge
extensions:
mkisofs -R -o cdimage.raw /home/joerg/master/tree
To check the resulting file before writing to CD on Solaris:
mount -r -F fbk -o type=hsfs /dev/fbk0:cdimage.raw /mnt
On Linux:
mount cdimage.raw -r -t iso9660 -o loop /mnt
Go on with:
ls -lR /mnt
umount /mnt
If the overall speed of the system is sufficient and the structure of
the filesystem is not too complex, dvdrecord will run without creating
an image of the ISO 9660 filesystem. Simply run the pipeline:
mkisofs -R /master/tree | dvdrecord -v fs=6m speed=2 dev=2,0 -
The recommended minimum fifo size for running this pipeline is 4
MBytes. As the default fifo size is 4 MB, the fs= option needs only be
present if you want to use a different fifo size. If your system is
loaded, you should run mkisofs in the real time class too. To raise
the priority of mkisofs replace the command
mkisofs -R /master/tree
by
priocntl -e -c RT -p 59 mkisofs -R /master/tree
on Solaris and by
nice -n -18 mkisofs -R /master/tree
on systems that don’t have UNIX International compliant realtime
scheduling.
Cdrecord runs at priority 59 on Solaris, you should run mkisofs at no
more than priority 58. On other systems, you should run mkisofs at no
less than nice -n -18.
Creating a CD-ROM without file system image on disk has been tested on
a Sparcstation-2 with a Yamaha CDR-400. It did work up to quad speed
when the machine was not loaded. A faster machine may be able to
handle quad speed also in the loaded case.
To record a pure CD-DA (audio) at single speed, with each track
contained in a file named track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc:
dvdrecord -v speed=1 dev=2,0 -audio track*.cdaudio
To check if it will be OK to use double speed for the example above.
Use the dummy write option:
dvdrecord -v -dummy speed=2 dev=2,0 -audio track*.cdaudio
To record a mixed-mode CD with an ISO 9660 filesystem from cdimage.raw
on the first track, the other tracks being audio tracks from the files
track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc:
dvdrecord -v -dummy dev=2,0 cdimage.raw -audio track*.cdaudio
To handle drives that need to know the size of a track before starting
to write, first run
mkisofs -R -q -print-size /master/tree
and then run
mkisofs -R /master/tree | dvdrecord speed=2 dev=2,0 tsize=XXXs -
where XXX is replaced by the output of the previous run of mkisofs.
To copy an audio CD in the most accurate way, first run
cdda2wav -v255 -D2,0 -B -Owav
and then run
dvdrecord -v dev=2,0 -dao -useinfo *.wav
ENVIRONMENT
CDR_DEVICE
This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable to the
open call of the SCSI transport library or a label in the file
/etc/dvdrecord.conf.
CDR_SPEED
Sets the default speed value for writing (see also -speed
option).
CDR_FIFOSIZE
Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).
FILES
/etc/dvdrecord.conf
Default values can be set for the following options in
/etc/dvdrecord.conf. For example: CDR_FIFOSIZE=8m or
CDR_SPEED=2
CDR_DEVICE
This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable
to the open call of the SCSI transport library or a label
in the file /etc/dvdrecord.conf that allows to identify a
specific drive on the system.
CDR_SPEED
Sets the default speed value for writing (see also -speed
option).
CDR_FIFOSIZE
Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).
Any other label
is an identifier for a specific drive on the system.
Such an identifier may not contain the characters ’,’,
’/’, ’@’ or ’:’.
Each line that follows a label contains a TAB separated
list of items. Currently, three items are recognized:
the SCSI ID of the drive, the default speed that should
be used for this drive and the default FIFO size that
should be used for this drive. The values for speed and
fifosize may be set to -1 to tell dvdrecord to use the
global defaults. A typical line may look this way:
teac1= 0,5,0 4 8m
yamaha= 1,6,0 -1 -1
This tells dvdrecord that a drive named teac1 is at
scsibus 0, target 5, lun 0 and should be used with speed
4 and a FIFO size of 8 MB. A second drive may be found
at scsibus 1, target 6, lun 0 and uses the default speed
and the default FIFO size.
SEE ALSO
cdda2wav(1), readcd(1), scg(7), fbk(7), mkisofs(8).
NOTES
On Solaris you need to stop the volume management if you want to use
the USCSI fallback SCSI transport code. Even things like dvdrecord i
-scanbus will not work if the volume management is running.
Disks made in Track At Once mode are not suitable as a master for
direct mass production by CD manufacturers. You will need the disk at
once option to record such disks. Nevertheless the disks made in Track
At Once will normally be read in all CD players. Some old audio CD
players however may produce a two second click between two audio
tracks.
The minimal size of a track is 4 seconds or 300 sectors. If you write
smaller tracks, the CD-Recorder will add dummy blocks. This is not an
error, even though the SCSI-error message looks this way.
Dvdrecord has been tested on a Pioneer DVD-RW DVR-103, Firmware 1.55.
It is based on Cdrecord which has been tested on an upgraded Philips
CDD-521 recorder at single and double speed on a SparcStation 20/502
with no problems, slower computer systems should work also. The newer
Philips/HP/Plasmon/Grundig drives as well as Yamaha CDR-100 and CDR-102
work also. The Plasmon RF-4100 work, but has not tested in multi
session. A Philips CDD-521 that has not been upgraded will not work.
The Sony CDU-924 has been tested, but does not support XA-mode2 in
hardware. The Sony therefore cannot create conforming multi session
disks. The Ricoh RO-1420C works, but some people seem to have problems
using them with speed=2, try speed=0 in this case.
The Yamaha CDR-400 and all new SCSI-3/mmc conforming drives are
supported in single and multi-session.
You should run several tests in all supported speeds of your drive with
the -dummy option turned on if you are using dvdrecord on an unknown
system. Writing a CD is a realtime process. NFS will not always
deliver consistently the needed data rates. If you want to use
dvdrecord with CD-images that are located on a NFS mounted filesystem,
be sure that the fifo size is big enough. I used Dvdrecord with medium
load on a SS20/502 and even at quad speed on a Sparcstation-2 which was
heavily loaded, but it is recommended to leave the system as lightly
loaded as possible while writing a CD. If you want to make sure that
buffer underruns are not caused by your source disk, you may use the
command
dvdrecord -dummy dev=2,0 padsize=600m /dev/null
to create a disk that is entirely made of dummy data.
Dvdrecord needs to run as root to get access to the /dev/scg? device
nodes and to be able to lock itself into memory.
If you don’t want to allow users to become root on your system,
dvdrecord may safely be installed suid root. This allows all users or a
group of users with no root privileges to use dvdrecord. Dvdrecord in
this case checks whether the real user would have been able to read the
specified files. To give all user access to use dvdrecord, enter:
chown root /usr/local/bin/dvdrecord
chmod 4711 /usr/local/bin/dvdrecord
To give a restricted group of users access to dvdrecord enter:
chown root /usr/local/bin/dvdrecord
chgrp cdburners /usr/local/bin/dvdrecord
chmod 4710 /usr/local/bin/dvdrecord
and add a group cdburners on your system.
Never give write permissions for non root users to the /dev/scg?
devices unless you would allow anybody to read/write/format all your
disks.
You should not connect old drives that do not support
disconnect/reconnect to either the SCSI bus that is connected to the
CD-Recorder or the source disk.
A Compact Disc can have no more than 99 tracks.
When creating a disc with both audio and data tracks, the data should
be on track 1 otherwise you should create a CDplus disk which is a
multi session disk with the first session containing the audio tracks
and the following session containing the data track.
Many operating systems are not able to read more than a single data
track, or need special software to do so.
More information on the SCSI command set of a HP CD-Recorder can be
found at:
http://www.hp.com/isgsupport/cdr/index.html
If you have more information or SCSI command manuals for currently
unsupported CD-Recorders please contact the author.
The Philips CDD 521 CD-Recorder (even in the upgraded version) has
several firmware bugs. Some of them will force you to power cycle the
device or to reboot the machine.
DIAGNOSTICS
You have 9 seconds to type ^C to abort dvdrecord after you see the
message:
Starting to write CD at speed %d in %s mode for %s session.
A typical error message for a SCSI command looks like:
dvdrecord: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error
CDB: 00 20 00 00 00 00
status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
Sense Bytes: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0A 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00
Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
Sense Code: 0x25 Qual 0x00 (logical unit not supported) Fru 0x0
Sense flags: Blk 0 (not valid)
cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s
The first line gives information about the transport of the command.
The text after the first colon gives the error text for the system call
from the view of the kernel. It usually is: I/O error unless other
problems happen. The next words contain a short description of the SCSI
command that fails. The rest of the line tells you if there were any
problems with the transport of the command over the SCSI bus. fatal
error means that it was not possible to transport the command (i.e. no
device present at the requested SCSI address).
The second line prints the SCSI command descriptor block for the failed
command.
The third line gives information on the SCSI status code returned by
the command, if the transport of the command succeeds. This is error
information from the SCSI device.
The fourth line is a hex dump of the auto request sense information for
the command.
The fifth line is the error text for the sense key if available,
followed by the segment number that is only valid if the command was a
copy command. If the error message is not directly related to the
current command, the text deferred error is appended.
The sixth line is the error text for the sense code and the sense
qualifier if available. If the type of the device is known, the sense
data is decoded from tables in scsierrs.c . The text is followed by
the error value for a field replaceable unit.
The seventh line prints the block number that is related to the failed
command and text for several error flags. The block number may not be
valid.
The eighth line reports the timeout set up for this command and the
time that the command realy needed to be finished.
The following message is not an error:
Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 2048/2048 (1 sectors).
dvdrecord: I/O error. flush cache: scsi sendcmd: no error
CDB: 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
Sense Bytes: F0 00 05 80 00 00 27 0A 00 00 00 00 B5 00 00 00 00 00
Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
Sense Code: 0xB5 Qual 0x00 (dummy data blocks added) Fru 0x0
Sense flags: Blk -2147483609 (valid)
cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s
It simply notifies the user that a track that is smaller than the
minimum size has been expanded to 300 sectors.
BUGS
Dvdrecord has even more options than ls.
Dvdrecord currently only warns if the input data will not fit on the
disk. If you don’t abort the command you will get unpredictable
results.
There should be an option to write index numbers for audio tracks.
There should be a recover option to make disks usable, that have been
written during a power failure.
SUPPORT AND UPDATES
Please see the dvdrtools home page at
http://www.arklinux.org/projects/dvdrtools and refer to the mailing
lists (see below)
MAILING LISTS
Please see https://savannah.nongnu.org/mail/?group=dvdrtools
MAINTAINERS
dvdrtools is maintained by Bernhard Rosenkraenzer (bero@arklinux.org).
CREDITS
Joerg Schilling (schilling@fokus.gmd.de)
For writing cdrecord/cdrtools, of which dvdrtools is a
fork.
Bill Swartz (Bill_Swartz@twolf.com)
For helping me with the TEAC driver support
Aaron Newsome (aaron.d.newsome@wdc.com)
For letting me develop Sony support on his drive
Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.jic.com)
For supplying mkisofs
Gadi Oxman (gadio@netvision.net.il)
For tips on the ATAPI standard
Finn Arne Gangstad (finnag@guardian.no)
For the first FIFO implementation.
Dave Platt (dplatt@feghoot.ml.org)
For creating the experimental packet writing support,
the first implementation of CD-RW blanking support, the
first .wav file decoder and many nice discussions of
dvdrecord.
Chris P. Ross (cross@eng.us.uu.net)
For the first implementation of a BSDI SCSI transport.
Grant R. Guenther (grant@torque.net)
For creating the first parallel port transport
implementation for Linux.
Kenneth D. Merry (ken@kdm.org)
for providing the CAM port for FreeBSD together with
Michael Smith (msmith@freebsd.org)