NAME
comm - select or reject lines common to two files
SYNOPSIS
comm [-123] file1 file2
DESCRIPTION
The comm utility shall read file1 and file2, which should be ordered in
the current collating sequence, and produce three text columns as
output: lines only in file1, lines only in file2, and lines in both
files.
If the lines in both files are not ordered according to the collating
sequence of the current locale, the results are unspecified.
OPTIONS
The comm utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
-1 Suppress the output column of lines unique to file1.
-2 Suppress the output column of lines unique to file2.
-3 Suppress the output column of lines duplicated in file1 and
file2.
OPERANDS
The following operands shall be supported:
file1 A pathname of the first file to be compared. If file1 is ’-’ ,
the standard input shall be used.
file2 A pathname of the second file to be compared. If file2 is ’-’ ,
the standard input shall be used.
If both file1 and file2 refer to standard input or to the same FIFO
special, block special, or character special file, the results are
undefined.
STDIN
The standard input shall be used only if one of the file1 or file2
operands refers to standard input. See the INPUT FILES section.
INPUT FILES
The input files shall be text files.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of comm:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables
that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization
Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables
used to determine the values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all
the other internationalization variables.
LC_COLLATE
Determine the locale for the collating sequence comm expects to
have been used when the input files were sorted.
LC_CTYPE
Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of
bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format
and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
NLSPATH
Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of
LC_MESSAGES .
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
The comm utility shall produce output depending on the options
selected. If the -1, -2, and -3 options are all selected, comm shall
write nothing to standard output.
If the -1 option is not selected, lines contained only in file1 shall
be written using the format:
"%s\n", <line in file1>
If the -2 option is not selected, lines contained only in file2 are
written using the format:
"%s%s\n", <lead>, <line in file2>
where the string <lead> is as follows:
<tab> The -1 option is not selected.
null string
The -1 option is selected.
If the -3 option is not selected, lines contained in both files shall
be written using the format:
"%s%s\n", <lead>, <line in both>
where the string <lead> is as follows:
<tab><tab>
Neither the -1 nor the -2 option is selected.
<tab> Exactly one of the -1 and -2 options is selected.
null string
Both the -1 and -2 options are selected.
If the input files were ordered according to the collating sequence of
the current locale, the lines written shall be in the collating
sequence of the original lines.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 All input files were successfully output as specified.
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
If the input files are not properly presorted, the output of comm might
not be useful.
EXAMPLES
If a file named xcu contains a sorted list of the utilities in this
volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, a file named xpg3 contains a sorted
list of the utilities specified in the X/Open Portability Guide, Issue
3, and a file named svid89 contains a sorted list of the utilities in
the System V Interface Definition Third Edition:
comm -23 xcu xpg3 | comm -23 - svid89
would print a list of utilities in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001
not specified by either of the other documents:
comm -12 xcu xpg3 | comm -12 - svid89
would print a list of utilities specified by all three documents, and:
comm -12 xpg3 svid89 | comm -23 - xcu
would print a list of utilities specified by both XPG3 and the SVID,
but not specified in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
RATIONALE
None.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
cmp , diff , sort , uniq
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .