NAME
lilo - install boot loader
SYNOPSIS
Main function:
/sbin/lilo - install boot loader
Auxiliary uses:
/sbin/lilo -A - activate/show active partition
/sbin/lilo -E - edit header or update a bitmap file
/sbin/lilo -I - inquire path name of current kernel
/sbin/lilo -M - write a Master Boot Loader on a device
/sbin/lilo -q - query map
/sbin/lilo -R - set default command line for next reboot
/sbin/lilo -T - tell more about specified topic
/sbin/lilo {-u|-U} - uninstall LILO boot loader
DESCRIPTION
lilo installs a boot loader that will be activated the next time you
boot your system. The default configuration file /etc/lilo.conf (see
’man lilo.conf’) will contain most options, but many, including those
which override the configuration file, may be specified on the command
line.
-A master-device [ N ]
Used with a single argument, inquire of active partition on
device master-device; e.g., /dev/hda. With N==0, deactivate all
partitions on the device. With N in the range [1..n], activate
the specified partition and deactivate all others. Normally,
only primary partitions [1..4] may be activated, but if the
Extended Master Boot Loader is present on the Master Boot Record
of the device (see the -M option), any partition may be made
active. Whether the actual OS in the partition will boot from
an extended partition depends on the characteristics of the OS.
LILO boot records for Linux may be booted from an extended
partition.
-b bootdev
Specify the boot device; i.e., where the boot loader will be
installed. "-b /dev/hda" specifies the Master Boot Record; "-b
/dev/sdb5" specifies the first extended partition on the second
SCSI disk.
-B bitmap-file
Specify a bitmap file for the boot-time graphics screen,
preferably one already pre-processed with the ’lilo -E’ command.
-c Enable map compaction. This will merge read requests from
adjacent sectors. Speeds up the booting (especially from
floppy).
-C config-file
lilo Specify an alternate pathname for the configuration file.
This option overrides the use of the default configuration file,
/etc/lilo.conf.
-d delay
Specifies the delay time in tenths of a second (20 = 2 sec)
before automatically booting the first image. Gives you time to
interrupt the automatic boot process with Shift, Alt, Ctrl,
ScrollLock, or CapsLock. If interrupted, the ‘boot:’ prompt is
displayed. This switch is overridden by the appearance of
prompt in the configuration file.
-D label
Use the kernel with the given label, instead of the first one in
the list, as the default kernel to boot.
-E filename.ext
If .ext is .bmp, then take the file to be a bitmap graphic file
for use in the "bitmap=" configuration file directive. Enter an
interactive editor to create or update the color/placement
information in the bitmap file LILO header. (see ’bmp-colors’,
’bmp-table’, and ’bmp-timer’ on the man page for
’lilo.conf(5)’.)
If .ext is .dat, then take the file to be a configuration file
which specifies bitmap graphic parameters, which are transferred
into the LILO header in the bitmap file of the same name.
When a .bmp file is modified using a graphics editor (e.g.,
GIMP), the LILO header will be lost. It can be restored using
the .dat file, which is used as a text-based backup for the LILO
header information.
-f disk-tab
Specify disk geometry parameter file. (The default is
/etc/disktab.)
-F Override boot sector check for filesystems (e.g., swap, XFS,
...) which might be destroyed by the installation of the LILO
boot sector on the first sector of the partition. These
filesystems use the first sector as a superblock.
Compare with "-P ignore", which bypasses certain partition table
checks.
-g Generate cylinder/head/sector (geometric) disk addresses.
Limited to cylinders up to 1023. Forces compatibility with
older versions of LILO.
-H Override fatal halt when a RAID array does not have all disks
active.
-i boot-loader
Specify a file to be used as the new boot loader. (The default
is /boot/boot.b.)
-I label [D|a|i|k|r|R]
label is taken to be the name of an image specified in the
configuration file. This command will print the path name of
the corresponding kernel file, keytable file, initial ramdisk
file, root specification, or "append=" string ("i", "k", "r",
"R", or "a" option). The "D" option ignores the label
parameter, and prints the default "image=" label, or first
"image=" label if no default image is specified.
-l Generate 24-bit linear sector addresses instead of
cylinder/head/sector addresses.
-L Generate 32-bit Logical Block Addresses instead of
cylinder/head/sector addresses, allowing access to all
partitions on disks with more than 1024 cylinders.
-m map-file
Use specified map file instead of the default.
-M master-device [mbr|ext]
Install a Master Boot Record on the device specified as master-
device, selecting the Standard or Extended Master Boot Loader
per the option. The primary partition table on master-device is
undisturbed. If no valid Volume-ID (serial number) is present,
then generate one and write it to the MBR. If mbr is specified,
the Standard Master Boot Loader will search partitions 1-4 for
an active flag, and boot the flagged partition. Only one active
flag is allowed. If ext is specified, the search for an active
partition will include extended partitions as well. The
presence of the Extended Master Boot Loader on the Master Boot
Record (MBR = sector 0) of a disk affects the operation of the
-A option.
-p Require interactive entry of all passwords specified as "" in
the configuration file.
-P {fix|ignore|<global-option>}
Fix or ignore ‘corrupt’ partition tables, i.e., partition tables
with linear and cylinder/head/sector addresses that do not
correspond. Always try -P ignore first, as -P fix will re-write
the partition table, possibly destroying all partitions on the
disk.
-P ignore is also used to bypass the partition table check for
partition types within the partition table which might not allow
the installation of a LILO boot sector. Compare with the "-F"
flag, which overrides the check of the actual boot sector.
-P <global-option> allows the passing of any global option which
may appear in the global section (top) of the configuration file
(/etc/lilo.conf). For instance, -P nowarn will pass the
"nowarn" option, just as though "nowarn" appeared in the
configuration file (same as the "-w" switch). Similarly, -P
timeout=50 will add or override the "timeout=" line in the
configuration file. Note that the general -P switch actually
duplicates a number of command line option switches. However,
it is not strictly the same as some switches whick cause an
override of other options; e.g., "-g" (-P geometric), "-L" (-P
lba32).
-q List the currently mapped files. lilo maintains a file, by
default /boot/map, containing the name and location of the
kernel(s) to boot. This option will list the names therein.
Use with -v for more detailed information about the installed
boot loader.
-r root-directory
Before doing anything else, do a chroot to the indicated
directory. The new root directory must contain a /dev directory,
and may need a /boot directory. It may also need an
/etc/lilo.conf file.
-R command line
This option sets the default command for the boot loader the
next time it executes. The boot loader will then erase this
line: this is a once-only command. It is typically used in
reboot scripts, just before calling ‘shutdown -r’. Used without
any arguments, it will cancel a lock-ed or fallback command
line.
-s save-file
When lilo writes a new boot sector, it preserves the former
contents of the sector in a file, named by default
/boot/boot.NNNN, where NNNN is the hexadecimal representation of
the major and minor device numbers of the drive/partition. This
option specifies the backup save file in one of three ways: a
save directory (default is ’/boot’) using the default filename
’boot.NNNN’ in the specified directory; a pathname template to
which ’.NNNN’ is appended (default would be ’/boot/boot’); or
the full pathname of the file, which must include the correct
’.NNNN’ suffix. When used with the -u option, the full file
pathname must be specified.
-S save-file
Normally, lilo will not overwrite an existing boot sector save
file. This options says that overwriting is to be forced. As
with -s, the specification may be of a save directory, pathname
template, or full pathname (which includes the ’.NNNN’ suffix.)
-t Test only. Do not really write a new boot sector or map file.
Use together with -v to find out what lilo is about to do.
-T option
Print out system information, some of it extracted from the
system bios. This is more convenient than booting the LILO
diagnostic floppy on problem systems. option may be any one of
the following:
help - print a list of available diagnostics
ChRul - list the partition types subject to
Change-Rules
EBDA - list Extended BIOS Data Area information
geom=<drive> list drive geometry for bios drive;
e.g., geom=0x80
geom - list drive geometry for all drives
table=<drive> list the primary partition table;
e.g., table=/dev/sda
video - list graphic modes available to boot
loader
-u [device-name]
Uninstall lilo by copying the saved boot sector back. The ’-s’
and ’-C’ switches may be used with this option. The device-name
is optional. A time-stamp is checked.
-U [device-name]
Idem, but do not check the time-stamp.
-v Increase verbosity. Giving one to five -v options will make lilo
more verbose, or use, -v n (n=1..5) to set verbosity level ’n’.
-V Print version number.
-w Used as -w or -w-, suppress warning messages. Used as -w+,
override nowarn in the configuration file, and show warning
messages.
-x option
For RAID installations only. The option may be any of the
keywords none, auto, mbr, mbr-only, or a comma separated list of
additional boot devices (no spaces allowed in the list).
-X Reserved for LILO internal use. May produce different output
for different LILO versions. The line beginning "CFLAGS=" will
contain the compiler options used to generate this version of
LILO.
-z When used with the -M switch, clears the Volume-ID. Usually
used in the following sequence to generate a new Volume-ID:
lilo -z -M /dev/hda
lilo -M /dev/hda
-Z option
Tells the boot installer whether special precautions need to be
taken because the BIOS fails to pass the correct device code in
DL (-Z0). Or may specify that the BIOS always gets DL right
(-Z1). Corresponds to, and overrides, the configuration file
option ’bios-passes-dl=’.
The above command line options correspond to the key words in the
config file indicated below.
-b bootdev boot=bootdev
-B file.bmp bitmap=file.bmp
-c compact
-d dsec delay=dsec
-D label default=label
-i boot-loader install=boot-loader
-f file disktab=file
-g geometric
-l linear
-L lba32
-m mapfile map=mapfile
-P fix fix-table
-P ignore ignore-table
-s file backup=file
-S file force-backup=file
-v [N] verbose=N
-w nowarn
-x option raid-extra-boot=option
-Z option bios-passes-dl=option
BOOT OPTIONS
The options described here may be specified at boot time on the command
line when a kernel image is booted. These options are processed by
LILO, and are removed from the command line before it is passed to the
kernel, unless otherwise noted.
lock Locks the command line, as though ’lock’ had been specified in
’lilo.conf.’
mem=###[,K,M,G]
Specifies the maximum memory in the system in bytes, kilobytes,
megabytes, or gigabytes. This option is not removed from the
command line, and is always passed to the kernel.
nobd Suppresses the BIOS data check. This option is reserved for use
with non-IBM-compliant BIOS’s which hang with the lines:
Loading...............
BIOS data check
vga=[ASK,EXT,EXTENDED,NORMAL,###,0x###]
Allows overriding the default video mode upon kernel startup.
BOOT ERRORS
The boot process takes place in two stages. The first stage loader is
a single sector, and is loaded by the BIOS or by the loader in the MBR.
It loads the multi-sector second stage loader, but is very space
limited. When the first stage loader gets control, it types the letter
"L"; when it is ready to transfer control to the second stage loader it
types the letter "I". If any error occurs, like a disk read error, it
will put out a hexadecimal error code, and then it will re-try the
operation. All hex error codes are BIOS return values, except for the
lilo-generated 40, 99 and 9A. A partial list of error codes follows:
00 no error
01 invalid disk command
02 address mark not found
03 disk write-protected
04 sector not found
06 floppy disk removed
08 DMA overrun
0A bad sector flag
0B bad track flag
20 controller failure
40 seek failure (BIOS)
40 cylinder>1023 (LILO)
99 invalid second stage index sector (LILO)
9A no second stage loader signature (LILO)
AA drive not ready
FF sense operation failed
Error code 40 is generated by the BIOS, or by LILO during the
conversion of a linear (24-bit) disk address to a geometric (C:H:S)
address. On older systems which do not support lba32 (32-bit)
addressing, this error may also be generated. Errors 99 and 9A usually
mean the map file (-m or map=) is not readable, likely because LILO was
not re-run after some system change, or there is a geometry mis-match
between what LILO used (lilo -v3 to display) and what is actually being
used by the BIOS (one of the lilo diagnostic disks, available in the
source distribution, may be needed to diagnose this problem).
When the second stage loader has received control from the first stage,
it prints the letter "L", and when it has initialized itself, including
verifying the "Descriptor Table" - the list of kernels/others to boot -
it will print the letter "O", to form the full word "LILO", in
uppercase.
All second stage loader error messages are English text, and try to
pinpoint, more or less successfully, the point of failure.
INCOMPATIBILITIES
lilo is known to have problems with the reiserfs introduced with the
2.2.x kernels, unless the file system is mounted with the ’notail’
option. This incompatibility has been resolved with reiserfs 3.6.18
and lilo 21.6. reiser4 introduced with the 2.5.x kernels requires lilo
22.5.2 or later.
Beginning with version 22.0, RAID installations write the boot record
to the RAID partition. Conditional writing of MBRs may occur to aid in
making the RAID set bootable in a recovery situation, but all default
actions may be overridden. Action similar to previous versions is
achieved using the ‘-x mbr-only’ switch.
BUGS
Configuration file options ‘backup’ and ‘force-backup’ should specify a
backup directory or backup file pathname template on all RAID
installations. Use of an explicit filename may not allow multiple
backup files to be created correctly. It is best to use the default
mechanism, as it works correctly in all cases.
SEE ALSO
fdisk(8), lilo.conf(5), mkrescue(8), mkinitrd(8).
The lilo distribution comes with very extensive TeX documentation
through Version 21. Text file README’s in the source directory provide
updates on more recent topics. This can be found in
/usr/share/doc/lilo on Debian systems.
AUTHORS
Werner Almesberger <almesber@lrc.epfl.ch> (versions 0 to 21)
John Coffman <johninsd@san.rr.com> (21.2 to present date)
07 Oct 2005