NAME
lft - display the route packets take to a network host/socket; optionally
show heuristic network information in transitu
SYNOPSIS
lft [-d dport] [-s sport] [-m min] [-M max] [-a ahead] [-c scatter ms]
[-t timeout ms] [-l min ttl] [-q ISN] [-D device] [-H ttl] [-i] [-n]
[-E] [-N] [-A] [-T] [-S] [-V] [-v] [<gateway> <...>] host:dport
DESCRIPTION
The Internet is a large and complex aggregation of network hardware,
connected together by gateways. Tracking the route one’s packets follow
(or finding the miscreant gateway that’s discarding your packets) can be
difficult. (from traceroute(8))
lft sends various TCP SYN and FIN probes (differing from Van Jacobson’s
UDP-based method) utilizing the IP protocol ‘time to live’ field and
attempts to elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along
the path to some host. lft also listens for various TCP and ICMP
messages along the way to assist network managers in ascertaining per-
protocol heuristic routing information and can optionally retrieve
various information about the networks it traverses.
The only mandatory parameter is the destination host name or IP number.
Options toggle the display of more interesting data or change the
variables of the trace itself. The (-E) "smart" option tries several
combinations in order to improve the chance of a successful trace.
Other options are:
-d dport
Set dport as the destination TCP port of the probes LFT
generates. Default is 80. This option is useful to see if
packets follow a different route based on protocol destination, a
likely scenario when load balancers or proxies are involved.
This option may also bypass less sophisticated packet filter
configurations.
-s sport
Set sport as the origin TCP port of the probes LFT generates.
Default is 53. This option is useful to see if packets follow a
different route based on protocol source. This option may also
bypass less sophisticated packet filter configurations.
-m min Set min as the minimum number of probes to send per host.
Default is 1 unless "smart" (-E) mode is used.
-M max Set max as the maximum number of probes to send per host.
Default is 5.
-a ahead
Set ahead as the number of hops forward to query before waiting
for a response. Default is 5.
-c scatter ms
Set scatter ms as the minimum number of milliseconds to wait
between sending probes. Default is 20.
-t timeout ms
Set timeout ms as the maximum number of milliseconds to wait
before assuming a probe was lost/discarded. Default is 1000.
-l min ttl
Set min tll as the minimum TTL (time-to-live) on outgoing probes
(essentially, the first hop in the line that you want to
display). Default is 1.
-q ISN Set ISN as the ISN (initial sequence number) of the first probe.
If unset, one will be automatically generated.
-D device
Set device as the network device or IP address to be used.
(e.g., "en1") If unset, one will be automagically selected by
default.
-H ttl Set ttl as the maximum TTL, essentially the maximum route
traversal distance in hops. Default is 30.
-i Disable "stop" on ICMP other than TTL expired.
-n Print addresses numerically rather than symbolically and
numerically. Disables use of the DNS resolver completely.
-E Enable use of the "smart" engine which tries FIN/SYN/etc tables
to improve the chance of a successful trace. The engine also
displays other useful information such as stateful inspection
firewalls it finds along the way.
-N Enable lookup and display of network names (e.g., [GNTY-
NETBLK-4]). This option queries various registries of network
address allocation such as ARIN.
-A Enable lookup and display of of AS (autonymous system) numbers
(e.g., [1]). This option queries various registries of network
address allocation such as ARIN.
-T Enable display of LFT’s execution timer. This option places
timers on the trace itself and on lookups and name resolution to
show where LFT is spending its time, waiting on resolvers, or
processing trace packets.
-S Suppress display of the real-time status bar. This option makes
LFT show its completed trace output only, no-frills.
-V Verbose output. Mostly debug garbage. Likely too verbose for
regular use.
-v Display version information, then exit().
Any hosts listed after these options and before the final host will
comprise the loose source route. Since network operators have security
concerns with regard to the use of source routing, don’t expect the LSRR
options to do much for you in most public network environments.
EXAMPLES
A sample use and output might be:
[edge.lax]$ lft -S 4.2.2.2
Hop LFT trace to vnsc-bak.sys.gtei.net (4.2.2.2):80/tcp
1 ln-gateway.centergate.com (206.117.161.1) 0.5ms
2 isi-acg.ln.net (130.152.136.1) 2.3ms
3 isi-1-lngw2-atm.ln.net (130.152.180.21) 2.5ms
4 gigabitethernet5-0.lsanca1-cr3.bbnplanet.net (4.24.4.249) 3.0ms
5 p6-0.lsanca1-cr6.bbnplanet.net (4.24.4.2) 3.4ms
6 p6-0.lsanca2-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.24.5.49) 3.3ms
7 p15-0.snjpca1-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.24.5.58) 10.9ms
8 so-3-0-0.mtvwca1-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.24.7.33) 11.1ms
9 p7-0.mtvwca1-dc-dbe1.bbnplanet.net (4.24.9.166) 11.0ms
10 vlan40.mtvwca1-dc1-dfa1-rc1.bbnplanet.net (128.11.193.67) 11.1ms
** [neglected] no reply packets received from TTLs 11 through 20
** [4.2-3 BSD bug] the next gateway may errantly reply with reused TTLs
21 [target] vnsc-bak.sys.gtei.net (4.2.2.2) 11.2ms
The (-S) option was used to suppress the real-time status bar for clean
output. LFT’s "**" notifiers in between hops 10 and 21 represent
additional useful information: the first is a "[neglected]" indicator
that lets us know that none of the probes sent with the TTLs indicated
elicited responses. This could be for a variety of reasons, but the
cause of this specific occurrence is described in the next informative
message which indicates that this is likely the result of a bug in the
4.[23] BSD network code (and its derivatives): BSD 4.x (x < 3) sends an
unreachable message using whatever TTL remains in the original datagram.
Since, for gateways, the remaining TTL is zero, the ICMP "time exceeded"
is guaranteed to not make it back to us. LFT does its best to identify
this condition rather than print lots and lots of hops that don’t exist
(trying to reach a high enough TTL).
Now, using the smart engine option:
[edge.lax]$ lft -E -S 4.2.2.1
Hop LFT trace to vnsc-pri.sys.gtei.net (4.2.2.1):80/tcp
1 ln-gateway.centergate.com (206.117.161.1) 0.5/0.5ms
2 isi-acg.ln.net (130.152.136.1) 2.1/2.3ms
3 isi-1-lngw2-atm.ln.net (130.152.180.21) 2.6/7.1ms
4 gigabitethernet5-0.lsanca1-cr3.bbnplanet.net (4.24.4.249) 6.1/3.9ms
** [firewall] the next gateway may statefully inspect packets
5 p0-0-0.lsanca1-csr1.bbnplanet.net (4.24.4.10) 155.4/3.7ms
6 [target] vnsc-pri.sys.gtei.net (4.2.2.1) 22.6/3.7/*/*/*/*/*ms
In the scenario above, the smart engine was able to identify a stateful,
packet-inspecting firewall in the path. Another example with more
options:
[edge.lax]$ lft -S -A -T -m 2 -d 80 -s 53 www.yahoo.com
Hop LFT trace to w9.scd.yahoo.com (66.218.71.88):80/tcp
1 [AS226] ln-gateway.centergate.com (206.117.161.1) 1 ms
2 [AS226] isi-acg.ln.net (130.152.136.1) 2 ms
3 [AS226] isi-1-lngw2-atm.ln.net (130.152.180.21) 3 ms
4 [AS1] gigether5-0.lsanca1-cr3.bbnplanet.net (4.24.4.249) 3 ms
5 [AS1] p6-0.lsanca1-cr6.bbnplanet.net (4.24.4.2) 5 ms
6 [AS1] p6-0.lsanca2-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.24.5.49) 3 ms
7 [AS1] p1-0.lsanca2-cr2.bbnplanet.net (4.25.112.1) 3 ms
8 [AS16852] pos4-0.core1.LosAngeles1.Level3.net (209.0.227.57) 3 ms
9 [AS3356] so-4-0-0.mp1.LosAngeles1.Level3.net (209.247.10.193) 3 ms
10 [AS3356] so-3-0-0.mp2.SanJose1.Level3.net (64.159.1.130) 11 ms
11 [AS3356] gige10-0.ipcolo4.SanJose1.Level3.net (64.159.2.42) 11 ms
12 [AS3356] cust-int.level3.net (64.152.81.62) 52 ms
13 [AS10310] vl17.bas2.scd.yahoo.com (66.218.64.150) 53 ms
14 [AS10310] w9.scd.yahoo.com (66.218.71.88) [target] 54 ms
LFT’s trace took 5.23 seconds. Resolution required 3.58 seconds.
And why not request netblock lookups?
[edge.lax]$ lft -S -N www.microsoft.com
Hop LFT trace to www.us.microsoft.com (207.46.197.113):80/tcp
1 [LOS-NETTOS-BLK4] ln-gateway.centergate.com (206.117.161.1) 2 ms
2 [LOS-NETTOS] isi-acg.ln.net (130.152.136.1) 3 ms
3 [LOS-NETTOS] isi-1-lngw2-pos.ln.net (130.152.80.30) 5 ms
4 [GNTY-4-0] gigether5-0.lsanca1-cr3.bbnplanet.net (4.24.4.249) 4 ms
5 [GNTY-4-0] p6-0.lsanca1-cr6.bbnplanet.net (4.24.4.2) 3 ms
6 [GNTY-4-0] p6-0.lsanca2-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.24.5.49) 3 ms
7 [GNTY-4-0] p15-0.snjpca1-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.24.5.58) 10 ms
8 [GNTY-4-0] p9-0.snjpca1-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.24.9.130) 11 ms
9 [GNTY-4-0] so-1-0-0.sttlwa2-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.0.3.229) 27 ms
10 [GNTY-4-0] so-0-0-0.sttlwa1-hcr1.bbnplanet.net (4.24.11.202) 28 ms
11 [GNTY-4-0] so-7-0-0.sttlwa1-hcr2.bbnplanet.net (4.24.10.234) 28 ms
12 [GNTY-4-0] p1-0.sttlwa1-cr2.bbnplanet.net (4.24.10.241) 29 ms
13 [GNTY-4-0] p2-0.msseattle.bbnplanet.net (4.25.89.6) 32 ms
14 [MICROSOFT-GLOBAL-NET] 207.46.154.9 32 ms
15 [MICROSOFT-GLOBAL-NET] 207.46.155.17 33 ms
16 [MICROSOFT-GLOBAL-NET] 207.46.129.51 [prohibited] 35 ms
Running LFT as a non-root user
As distributed by Debian, lft can only be run by the root user. To allow
regular users to run lft, the sysadmin needs to read the file
/usr/share/doc/lft/HOWTO-UsersLFT.txt and follow the instructions in that
file.
AUTHOR
Nils McCarthy, Victor Oppleman, Ugen Antsilevitch, and other helpers
around the world. The source is currently maintained and administered by
MainNerve, Inc.
REPORTING BUGS
To report bugs, send e-mail to <lft-bugs@mainnerve.com>
SEE ALSO
traceroute(8), netstat(1), whois(1)
HISTORY
The lft command first appeared in 1998 as ’fft’. Renamed as a result of
confusion with fast fourier transforms, lft stands for ’layer four
trace.’