NAME
lat_ctx - context switching benchmark
SYNOPSIS
lat_ctx [ -P <parallelism> ] [ -W <warmups> ] [ -N <repetitions> ] [ -s
<size_in_kbytes> ] #procs [ #procs ... ]
DESCRIPTION
lat_ctx measures context switching time for any reasonable number of
processes of any reasonable size. The processes are connected in a
ring of Unix pipes. Each process reads a token from its pipe, possibly
does some work, and then writes the token to the next process.
Processes may vary in number. Smaller numbers of processes result in
faster context switches. More than 20 processes is not supported.
Processes may vary in size. A size of zero is the baseline process
that does nothing except pass the token on to the next process. A
process size of greater than zero means that the process does some work
before passing on the token. The work is simulated as the summing up
of an array of the specified size. The summing is an unrolled loop of
about a 2.7 thousand instructions.
The effect is that both the data and the instruction cache get polluted
by some amount before the token is passed on. The data cache gets
polluted by approximately the process ‘‘size’’. The instruction cache
gets polluted by a constant amount, approximately 2.7 thousand
instructions.
The pollution of the caches results in larger context switching times
for the larger processes. This may be confusing because the benchmark
takes pains to measure only the context switch time, not including the
overhead of doing the work. The subtle point is that the overhead is
measured using hot caches. As the number and size of the processes
increases, the caches are more and more polluted until the set of
processes do not fit. The context switch times go up because a context
switch is defined as the switch time plus the time it takes to restore
all of the process state, including cache state. This means that the
switch includes the time for the cache misses on larger processes.
OUTPUT
Output format is intended as input to xgraph or some similar program.
The format is multi line, the first line is a title that specifies the
size and non-context switching overhead of the test. Each subsequent
line is a pair of numbers that indicates the number of processes and
the cost of a context switch. The overhead and the context switch
times are in micro second units. The numbers below are for a
SPARCstation 2.
"size=0 ovr=179
2 71
4 104
8 134
16 333
20 438
BUGS
The numbers produced by this benchmark are somewhat inaccurate; they
vary by about 10 to 15% from run to run. A series of runs may be done
and the lowest numbers reported. The lower the number the more
accurate the results.
The reasons for the inaccuracies are possibly interaction between the
VM system and the processor caches. It is possible that sometimes the
benchmark processes are laid out in memory such that there are fewer
TLB/cache conflicts than other times. This is pure speculation on our
part.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Funding for the development of this tool was provided by Sun
Microsystems Computer Corporation.
SEE ALSO
lmbench(8).
AUTHOR
Carl Staelin and Larry McVoy
Comments, suggestions, and bug reports are always welcome.
(c)1994-2000 Carl Staelin and Larry $Date$