Man Linux: Main Page and Category List

NAME

       amanda-auth - Communication/Authentication methods between Amanda
       server and client

DESCRIPTION

       Amanda offers 7 methods of communication between Amanda server
       (sometimes also called the tape server) and clients, each with its own
       authentication method. The desired communication method is specified by
       the auth parameter in the amanda.conf file (amanda.conf(5)) commonly as
       a dumptype. Valid values to the auth parameter are bsd, bsdudp, bsdtcp,
       krb4, krb5, local, rsh, and ssh. Please note that krb4 will be removed
       in the next release. The authentication and communication method is
       used during the backup process amdump (amdump(8)) as well as the
       recovery process amrecover (amrecover(8)).

COMPILATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION

       The communication method and thus type of authentication that will be
       used by the Amanda server is specified by the auth parameter in the
       dumptype for each disklist entry (DLE). The auth parameter thus may be
       easily and globally specified in the "global" dumptype. If auth is not
       specified, the bsd communication method is used. See amanda.conf(5) for
       more information on Amanda configuration and dumptypes, and disklist(5)
       for more information on disklists.

       On the client side, the Amanda daemon amandad validates the connection
       depending on the value of the auth argument passed to it (see
       Amanda(8)). Also, when it comes to recovery, the auth parameter can be
       specified in the amanda-client.conf(5) file to specify the
       communication method to be used by the client to the server.

       When Amanda is being built from source code, desired communication and
       thus authentication methods (shown as "Authentication") must be
       specified as configure options at compilation time.

       Authentication   Configure option(s)
        bsd           --with-bsd-security      --with-amandahosts (pre-2.6)
        bsdtcp        --with-bsdtcp-security   --with-amandahosts (pre-2.6)
        bsdudp        --with-bsdudp-security   --with-amandahosts (pre-2.6)
        krb5          --with-krb5-security
        local          (always included)
        rsh           --with-rsh-security
        ssh           --with-ssh-security

       There are additional configure options for bsd, bsdudp, and bsdtcp to
       allow for specifying explicit UDP and TCP port ranges.

          --with-udpportrange
          --with-tcpportrange
          --with-low-tcpportrange

       See PORT USAGE below for more information.

       There are additional configure options for Kerberos if you so desire.
       All but the last option are for Kerberos 4. Defaults shown in square
       brackets.

          --with-server-principal=ARG    server host principal  [amanda]
          --with-server-instance=ARG     server host instance   []
          --with-server-keyfile=ARG      server host key file   [/.amanda]
          --with-client-principal=ARG    client host principal  [rcmd]
          --with-client-instance=ARG     client host instance   [HOSTNAME_INSTANCE]
          --with-client-keyfile=ARG      client host key file   [KEYFILE]
          --with-ticket-lifetime=ARG     ticket lifetime        [128]
          --with-krb4-security=DIR       where libkrb.a lives   [see below]
          --with-krb5-security=DIR       where libkrb.a lives   [see below]

       If configuring with --with-krb4-security and/or --with-krb5-security,
       the configure script will search under /usr/kerberos/lib,
       /usr/cygnus/lib, /usr/lib, and /opt/kerberos/lib for the kerberos bits,
       libkrb.a, in this order. Kerberos support will not be added if it does
       not find them. If the kerberos bits are found under some other
       hierarchy, you can specify this via --with-krb5-security=DIR and/or
       --with-krb4-security=DIR, where DIR is where the kerberos bits live.
       The configure script will then look in the ´lib´ directory under this
       hierarchy for libkrb.a.

       The auth parameter selects a communication/authentication method to use
       between the client and the backup server. These methods are described
       each in their own section below.

BSD, BSDUDP, AND BSDTCP COMMUNICATION AND AUTHENTICATION

       For additional information including example configurations, see
       http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/Configuring_bsd/bsdudp/bsdtcp_authentication.

       The bsd, bsdudp, and bsdtcp communication methods use either UDP, TCP,
       or both protocols operating as a network service to authenticate and
       exchange data between server and clients.

       In addition to compilation and general configuration (see COMPILATION
       AND GENERAL INFORMATION above), the authentication method that the
       client is configured to receive is specified by the auth parameter in
       the network service configuration for Amanda. The authentication method
       used by an Amanda client to reach the server during recovery is the
       authentication method specified by the auth parameter in the client´s
       Amanda network service configuration or in its amanda-client.conf file
       (see amanda-client.conf(5)).

       By default, Amanda use the "amanda" service name and associated port
       set in /etc/services. It can be changed by setting the dumptype
       client_port option to a different port number or a different service
       name. All examples are for the service name "amanda" that uses the
       default port 10080.

   .amandahosts file
       Servers and clients using the bsd, bsdudp, and bsdtcp authentication
       methods refer to the .amandahosts file to control access. Amanda should
       be compiled for this access control if one of these methods will be
       used and is the default compilation option for Amanda 2.6 (use
       --with-amandahosts when compiling pre-2.6 versions of Amanda).

       Amanda looks for the .amandahosts file in the Amanda user´s home
       directory, commonly /var/lib/amanda.

       Each authorization is on its own line in the following format

       hostname [ username [ service...  ] ]

       If username is ommitted, it defaults to the user running amandad, i.e.
       the user listed in the inetd or xinetd configuration file.

       service...  is a space-delimited list of services the client is
       authorized to execute: noop, selfcheck, sendsize, sendbackup, amdump (a
       shortcut for the previous four services which are required on clients),
       amindexd, and amidxtaped. The last two services are required on a
       server for clients to connect to it using amrecover.

       If service is omitted, it defaults to noop selfcheck sendsize
       sendbackup (which is equivalent to amdump).

       Example of the .amandahosts file on an Amanda client

           amandaserver.example.com   amandabackup   amdump

       Example of the .amandahosts file on an Amanda server

           amandaclient1.example.com   root   amindexd amidxtaped

   bsd communication and authentication
       The authentication is done using .amandahosts file in the Amanda user´s
       home directory. The protocol between Amanda server and client is UDP.
       The number of disk list entries (DLEs)--number of Amanda clients--is
       limited by the UDP packet size. This authentication protocol will use a
       different port for each data stream (see PORT USAGE below)

   bsdudp communication and authentication
       The authentication is done using .amandahosts files in the Amanda
       user´s home directory. It uses UDP protocol between Amanda server and
       client for data and hence the number of DLEs is limited by the UDP
       packet size. It uses one TCP port to establish the connection and
       multiplexes all data streams using one port on the server (see PORT
       USAGE below).

   bsdtcp communication and authentication
       The authentication is done using .amandahosts files in the backup
       user´s (for example: amandabackup) home directory. It uses TCP protocol
       between Amanda server and client. On the client, two reserved ports are
       used. On the server, all data streams are multiplexed to one port (see
       PORT USAGE below).

   USING INETD SERVER
       Template for Amanda client inetd service entry

          service_name socket_type protocol wait/nowait amanda_backup_user absolute_path_to_amandad amandad server_args

       Client example of using bsd authorization for inetd server given Amanda
       user is "amandabackup":

          amanda dgram udp wait amandabackup /path/to/amandad amandad -auth=bsd amdump

       The same could be used for bsdudp if specifying -auth=bsdudp instead of
       -auth=bsd.

       Client example of using bsdtcp authorization for inetd server given
       Amanda user is "amandabackup":

          amanda stream tcp nowait amanda /path/to/amandad amandad -auth=bsdtcp amdump

       amindexd and amidxtaped would typically be added at the end of the line
       as amandad server arguments for an Amanda server.

       Server example of using bsdtcp authorization for inetd server given
       Amanda user is "amandabackup":

          amanda stream tcp nowait amanda /path/to/amandad amandad -auth=bsdtcp amdump amindexd amidxtaped

       For Amanda version 2.5.0 and earlier, remember that neither bsdudp nor
       bsdtcp are supported and the Amanda daemon amandad accepts no
       arguments. Because of the latter, amrecover as of Amanda version 2.5.1
       is not compatible with 2.5.0 and earlier servers. Thus, servers that
       are 2.5.0 or earlier must, in addition to the amanda service, run
       amindexd and amidxtaped Amanda services as their own network services,
       amandaidx and amidxtape, respectively (see below).

       There are no compatibility issues if server and clients are all 2.5.0
       or earlier. If your server is 2.5.1 or later, you can still have
       clients that are 2.5.0 and earlier although you must then use bsd
       communication/authentication with these clients and must also run
       amindexd and amidxtaped Amanda services on the server as their own
       network services, amandaidx and amidxtape, respectively (see below). If
       you have a server that is 2.5.0 and earlier, clients of a later version
       on which you wish to run amrecover must use amoldrecover instead and,
       again, the server must be running the amandaidx and amidxtape network
       services.

       Example of amindexd and amidxtaped Amanda daemon services configured as
       their own network services for a 2.5.0 or earlier server or a newer
       server having 2.5.0 or earlier clients

          amandaidx stream tcp nowait amanda /usr/local/libexec/amanda/current/amindexd   amindexd
          amidxtape stream tcp nowait amanda /usr/local/libexec/amanda/current/amidxtaped amidxtaped

   USING XINETD SERVER
       Template for Amanda client xinetd service file

       service amanda
       {
            only_from               = Amanda server
            socket_type             = socket type
            protocol                = protocol
            wait                    = yes/no
            user                    = amanda backup user
            group                   = amanda backup user group id
            groups                  = yes
            server                  = absolute path to amandad
            server_args             = amandad server arguments
            disable                 = no
       }

       The only_from parameter can be used with xinetd but is usually in
       addition to the primary form of access control via the .amandahosts
       file.

       Client example of using bsd authorization for xinetd server and for
       Amanda user "amandabackup":

       service amanda
       {
            only_from       = amandaserver.example.com
            socket_type     = dgram
            protocol        = udp
            wait            = yes
            user            = amandabackup
            group           = disk
            groups          = yes
            server          = /path/to/amandad
            server_args     = -auth=bsd amdump
            disable         = no
       }

       The same could be used for bsdudp if specifying -auth=bsdudp instead of
       -auth=bsd.

       Client example of using bsdtcp authorization for xinetd server and for
       Amanda user "amandabackup":

       service amanda
       {
            only_from       = amandaserver.example.com amandaclient.example.com
            socket_type     = stream
            protocol        = tcp
            wait            = no
            user            = amandabackup
            group           = disk
            groups          = yes
            server          = /path/to/amandad
            server_args     = -auth=bsdtcp amdump
            disable         = no
       }

       amindexd and amidxtaped would typically be added as additional amandad
       server_args for an Amanda server.

       For Amanda version 2.5.0 and earlier, remember that neither bsdudp nor
       bsdtcp are supported and the Amanda daemon amandad accepts no
       arguments. Because of the latter, amrecover as of Amanda version 2.5.1
       is not compatible with 2.5.0 and earlier servers. Thus, servers that
       are 2.5.0 or earlier must, in addition to the amanda service, run
       amindexd and amidxtaped Amanda services as their own network services,
       amandaidx and amidxtape, respectively (see below).

       There are no compatibility issues if server and clients are all 2.5.0
       or earlier. If your server is 2.5.1 or later, you can still have
       clients that are 2.5.0 and earlier although you must then use bsd
       communication/authentication with these clients and must also run
       amindexd and amidxtaped Amanda services on the server as their own
       network services, amandaidx and amidxtape, respectively (see below). If
       you have a server that is 2.5.0 and earlier, clients of a later version
       on which you wish to run amrecover must use amoldrecover instead and,
       again, the server must be running the amandaidx and amidxtape network
       services.

       Example of amindexd and amidxtaped Amanda daemon services configured as
       their own network services for a 2.5.0 or earlier server or a newer
       server having 2.5.0 or earlier clients

       service amandaidx
       {
            socket_type         = stream
            protocol       = tcp
            wait           = no
            user           = amanda
            group               = disk
            server              = /usr/local/libexec/amanda/amindexd
            disable             = no
       }

       service amidxtape
       {
            socket_type         = stream
            protocol       = tcp
            wait           = no
            user           = amanda
            group               = disk
            server              = /usr/local/libexec/amanda/amidxtaped
            disable             = no
       }

   PORT USAGE
       List of TCP/UDP ports used by network service communication methods for
       Amanda server and client.

          Key:
              UP = Unreserved Port
           RPpAP = Reserved Port per Amanda Process
          UPpDLE = Unreserved Port per DLE
            [..] = Configure options that can be used at compile time to define port ranges

       Authentication Protocol  Amanda server                      Amanda client
       bsd            udp       1 RPpAP [--with-udpportrange]      10080
                      tcp       1 UP [--with-tcpportrange]         3 UPpDLE [--with-tcpportrange]
       bsdudp         udp       1 RPpAP [--with-udpportrange]      10080
                      tcp       1 UP [-with-tcpportrange]          1 UPpDLE [--with-tcpportrange]
       bsdtcp         tcp       1 RPpAP [--with-low-tcpportrange]  10080

       Amanda server also uses two ports (dumper process) to communicate with
       the chunker/taper processes. These ports are in the range set by
       --with-tcpportrange.

       You can override the default port ranges that Amanda was compiled with
       in each configuration using the reserved-udp-port, reserved-tcp-port,
       and unreserved-tcp-port parameters in amanda.conf and
       amanda-client.conf configuration files (see amanda.conf(5) and amanda-
       client.conf(5)).

KERBEROS COMMUNICATION AND AUTHENTICATION

       For more detail, see
       http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/Kerberos_authentication.

       Amanda supports Kerberos 4 and 5 communication methods between Amanda
       server and client. Please note, however, that support for Kerberos 4
       will be removed in the next release.

       General information including compilation are given above (see
       COMPILATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION above). Below sections give
       specific Kerberos 4 and 5 information.

   KERBEROS v4
       Please note that support for Kerberos 4 will be removed in the next
       release.

       Kerberos 4 uses UDP protocol and the number of DLEs is limited by UDP
       packet size.

       The kerberized AMANDA service uses a different port on the client
       hosts. The /etc/services line is:

           kamanda      10081/udp

       And the /etc/inetd.conf line is:

           kamanda dgram udp wait root /usr/local/libexec/amanda/amandad amandad -auth=krb4

       Note that you´re running this as root, rather than as your dump user.
       AMANDA will set its uid down to the dump user at times it doesn´t need
       to read the srvtab file, and give up root permissions entirely before
       it goes off and runs dump. Alternately you can change your srvtab files
       to be readable by user amanda.

       The following dumptype options apply to krb4:

       auth "krb4"    # use krb4 auth for this host
                      # (you can mingle krb hosts and bsd .rhosts in one conf)
       kencrypt       # encrypt this filesystem over the net using the krb4
                      # session key.  About 2x slower.  Good for those root
                      # partitions containing your keyfiles.  Don´t want to
                      # give away the keys to an ethernet sniffer!
                      # This is currently always enabled.  There is no
                      # way to disable it.  This is a bug.

   KERBEROS v5
       Kerberos 5 uses TCP and the server uses only one TCP port and data
       streams are multiplexed to this port.

       The krb5 driver script defaults to:

       /*
        * The lifetime of our tickets in minutes.
        */ #define AMANDA_TKT_LIFETIME     (12*60)

       /*
        * The name of the service in /etc/services.
        */ #define AMANDA_KRB5_SERVICE_NAME        "k5amanda"

       You can currently only override these by editing the source code.

       The kerberized AMANDA service uses a different port on the client
       hosts. The /etc/services line is:

          k5amanda      10082/tcp

       And the /etc/inetd.conf line is:

          k5amanda stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/libexec/amanda/amandad amandad -auth=krb5

       Note that you´re running this as root, rather than as your dump user.
       AMANDA will set its UID down to the dump user at times it doesn´t need
       to read the keytab file, and give up root permissions entirely before
       it goes off and runs dump. Alternately you can change your keytab files
       to be readable by user amanda. You should understand the security
       implications of this before changing the permissions on the keytab.

       The following dumptype options apply to krb5:

          auth "krb5"    # use krb5 auth for this host
                         # (you can mingle krb hosts and bsd .rhosts in one conf)

       The principal and keytab files that Amanda uses must be set in the
       amanda.conf file for kerberos 5 dumps to work. You can hardcode this in
       the source code if you really want to (common-src/krb5-security.c)

          krb5keytab
          krb5principal

       For example:

          krb5keytab    "/etc/krb5.keytab-amanda"
          krb5principal  "amanda/saidin.omniscient.com"

       The principal in the second option must be contained in the first. The
       keytab should be readable by the amanda user (and definitely not world
       readable!) and is (obviously) on the server. In MIT´s kadmin, the
       following:

          addprinc -randkey amanda/saidin.omniscient.com
          ktadd -k /etc/krb5.keytab-amanda amanda/saidin.omniscient.com

       will do the trick. You will obviously want to change the principal name
       to reflect something appropriate for the conventions at your site.

       You must also configure each client to allow the amanda principal in
       for dumps.

       There are several ways to go about authorizing a server to connect to a
       client.

       The normal way is via a .k5amandausers file or a .k5login file in the
       client user´s home directory. The determination of which file to use is
       based on the way you ran configure on AMANDA. By default, AMANDA will
       use .k5amandahosts, but if you configured with --without-amandahosts,
       AMANDA will use .k5login. (similar to the default for
       .rhosts/.amandahosts-style security). The .k5login file syntax is a
       superset of the default krb5 .k5login. The routines to check it are
       implemented in amanda rather than using krb5_kuserok because the
       connections are actually gssapi based.

       This .k5amandahosts/.k5login is a hybrid of the .amandahosts and a
       .k5login file. You can just list principal names, as in a .k5login file
       and the principal will be permitted in from any host. If you do NOT
       specify a realm, then there is no attempt to validate the realm (this
       is only really a concern if you have cross-realm authentication set up
       with another realm or something else that allows you multiple realms in
       your kdc. If you do specify a realm, only that principal@realm will be
       permitted to connect.

       You may prepend this with a hostname and whitespace, and only that
       principal (with optional realm as above) will be permitted to access
       from that hostname.

       Here are examples of valid entries in the .k5amandahosts:

          service/amanda
          service/amanda@TEST.COM
          dumpmaster.test.com service/amanda
          dumpmaster.test.com service/amanda@TEST.COM

       Rather than using a .k5amandahosts or .k5login file, the easiest way is
       to use a principal named after the destination user, (such as
       amanda@TEST.COM in our example) and not have either a .k5amandahosts or
       .k5login file in the destination user´s home directory.

       There is no attempt to verify the realm in this case (only a concern if
       you have cross-realm authentication setup).

LOCAL COMMUNICATION

       The Amanda server communicates with the client internally versus over
       the network, ie. the client is also the server.

       This is the only method that requires no authentication as it is
       clearly not needed.

RSH COMMUNICATION AND AUTHENTICATION

       For more detail, see
       http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/Configuring_rsh_authentication.

       The Amanda server communicates with its client as the Amanda user via
       the RSH protocol.

       Please note that RSH protocol itself is insecure and should be used
       with caution especially on any servers and clients with public IPs.

       Each Amanda client communicates with the server using one TCP port and
       all data streams from the client are multiplexed over one port. The
       number of Amanda clients is limited by the number of reserved ports
       available on the Amanda server. Some versions of RSH do not use
       reserved ports and, thus, this restriction is not valid.

       General information including compilation is given above (see
       COMPILATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION above).

       In addition to specifying the auth field in dumptype definition, it
       might be required to specify client_username and amandad fields. If the
       backup user name is different on the Amanda client, the user name is
       specified as client_username. If the location of the Amanda daemon
       amandad is different on the Amanda client, the location is specified as
       amandad_path field value.

       For example:
       define dumptype rsh_example {
                ...
                auth "rsh"
                client_username "amandabackup"
                amandad_path "/usr/lib/exec/amandad"
                ...
       }

SSH COMMUNICATION AND AUTHENTICATION

       For more detail, see
       http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/How_To:Set_up_transport_encryption_with_SSH.

       Amanda client sends data to the server using SSH. SSH keys have to be
       set up so that Amanda server can communicate with its clients using
       SSH.

       General information including compilation is given above (see
       COMPILATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION above).

       SSH provides transport encryption and authentication. To set up an SSH
       authentication session, Amanda will run the equivalent of the following
       to start the backup process.

          /path/to/ssh -l user_name client.zmanda.com $libexecdir/amandad

       To use SSH, you need to set up SSH keys either by storing the
       passphrase in cleartext, using ssh-agent, or using no passphrase at
       all.  All of these options have security implications which should be
       carefully considered before adoption.

       When you use a public key on the client to do data encryption (see
       http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/How_To:Set_up_data_encryption), you
       can lock away the private key in a secure place. Both, transport and
       storage will be encrypted with such a setup. See
       http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/Encryption for an overview of
       encryption options.

       Enable SSH authentication and set the ssh_keys option in all DLEs for
       that host by adding the following to the DLE itself or to the
       corresponding dumptype in amanda.conf:

         auth "ssh"
         ssh_keys "/home/amandabackup/.ssh/id_rsa_amdump"

       ssh_keys is the path to the private key on the client. If the username
       to which Amanda should connect is different from the default, then you
       should also add

         client_username "otherusername"

       If your server  amandad path and client  amandad path are different,
       you should also add

         amandad_path "/client/amandad/path"

       For a marginal increase in security, prepend the keys used for AMANDA
       in the clients´ authorized_keys file with the following:

         from="amanda_server.your.domain.com",no-port-forwarding,no-X11-forwarding,no-agent-forwarding,command="/absolute/path/to/amandad -auth=ssh amdump"

       This will limit that key to connect only from Amanda server and only be
       able to execute amandad(8).

       In the same way, prepend the key used for AMANDA in the server´s
       authorized_keys file with:

         from="amanda_client.your.domain.com",no-port-forwarding,no-X11-forwarding,no-agent-forwarding,command="/absolute/path/to/amandad -auth=ssh amindexd amidxtaped"

       You can omit the from=.. option if you have too many clients to list,
       although this has obvious security implications.

       Set ssh_keys and any other necessary options in
       /etc/amanda/amanda_client.conf:

         auth "ssh"
         ssh_keys "/root/.ssh/id_rsa_amrecover"
         client_username "amanda"
         amandad_path "/server/amandad/path"

       Besides user keys, SSH uses host keys to uniquely identify each host,
       to prevent one host from impersonating another. Unfortunately, the only
       easy way to set up these host keys is to make a connection and tell SSH
       that you trust the identity:

         $ ssh client1.zmanda.com
         The authenticity of host ´client1.zmanda.com (192.168.10.1)´ can´t be established.
         RSA key fingerprint is 26:4e:df:a2:be:c8:cb:20:1c:68:8b:cc:c0:3b:8e:9d.
         Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?yes

       As Amanda will not answer this question itself, you must manually make
       every connection (server to client and client to server) that you
       expect Amanda to make. Note that you must use the same username that
       Amanda will use (that is, ssh client and ssh client.domain.com are
       distinct).

SEE ALSO

       amanda(8), amanda.conf(5), amanda-client.conf(5), disklist(5),
       amdump(8), amrecover(8)

       The Amanda Wiki: : http://wiki.zmanda.com/

AUTHORS

       Jean-Louis Martineau <martineau@zmanda.com>
           Zmanda, Inc. (http://www.zmanda.com)

       Dustin J. Mitchell <dustin@zmanda.com>
           Zmanda, Inc. (http://www.zmanda.com)

       Paul Yeatman <pyeatman@zmanda.com>
           Zmanda, Inc. (http://www.zmanda.com)