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NAME

       utmp, wtmp - login records

SYNOPSIS

       #include <utmp.h>

DESCRIPTION

       The utmp file allows one to discover information about who is currently
       using the system.  There may be more users currently using the  system,
       because not all programs use utmp logging.

       Warning:  utmp  must not be writable by the user class "other", because
       many system programs (foolishly) depend on  its  integrity.   You  risk
       faked  system  logfiles  and modifications of system files if you leave
       utmp writable to any user other than the owner and group owner  of  the
       file.

       The  file  is  a  sequence  of  utmp structures, declared as follows in
       <utmp.h> (note that this is only one  of  several  definitions  around;
       details depend on the version of libc):

           /* Values for ut_type field, below */

           #define EMPTY         0 /* Record does not contain valid info
                                      (formerly known as UT_UNKNOWN on Linux) */
           #define RUN_LVL       1 /* Change in system run-level (see
                                      init(8)) */
           #define BOOT_TIME     2 /* Time of system boot (in ut_tv) */
           #define NEW_TIME      3 /* Time after system clock change
                                      (in ut_tv) */
           #define OLD_TIME      4 /* Time before system clock change
                                      (in ut_tv) */
           #define INIT_PROCESS  5 /* Process spawned by init(8) */
           #define LOGIN_PROCESS 6 /* Session leader process for user login */
           #define USER_PROCESS  7 /* Normal process */
           #define DEAD_PROCESS  8 /* Terminated process */
           #define ACCOUNTING    9 /* Not implemented */

           #define UT_LINESIZE      32
           #define UT_NAMESIZE      32
           #define UT_HOSTSIZE     256

           struct exit_status {              /* Type for ut_exit, below */
               short int e_termination;      /* Process termination status */
               short int e_exit;             /* Process exit status */
           };

           struct utmp {
               short   ut_type;              /* Type of record */
               pid_t   ut_pid;               /* PID of login process */
               char    ut_line[UT_LINESIZE]; /* Device name of tty - "/dev/" */
               char    ut_id[4];             /* Terminal name suffix,
                                                or inittab(5) ID */
               char    ut_user[UT_NAMESIZE]; /* Username */
               char    ut_host[UT_HOSTSIZE]; /* Hostname for remote login, or
                                                kernel version for run-level
                                                messages */
               struct  exit_status ut_exit;  /* Exit status of a process
                                                marked as DEAD_PROCESS; not
                                                used by Linux init(8) */
               /* The ut_session and ut_tv fields must be the same size when
                  compiled 32- and 64-bit.  This allows data files and shared
                  memory to be shared between 32- and 64-bit applications. */
           #if __WORDSIZE == 64 && defined __WORDSIZE_COMPAT32
               int32_t ut_session;           /* Session ID (getsid(2)),
                                                used for windowing */
               struct {
                   int32_t tv_sec;           /* Seconds */
                   int32_t tv_usec;          /* Microseconds */
               } ut_tv;                      /* Time entry was made */
           #else
                long   ut_session;           /* Session ID */
                struct timeval ut_tv;        /* Time entry was made */
           #endif

               int32_t ut_addr_v6[4];        /* Internet address of remote
                                                host; IPv4 address uses
                                                just ut_addr_v6[0] */
               char __unused[20];            /* Reserved for future use */
           };

           /* Backwards compatibility hacks */
           #define ut_name ut_user
           #ifndef _NO_UT_TIME
           #define ut_time ut_tv.tv_sec
           #endif
           #define ut_xtime ut_tv.tv_sec
           #define ut_addr ut_addr_v6[0]

       This  structure  gives the name of the special file associated with the
       user’s terminal, the user’s login name, and the time of  login  in  the
       form  of  time(2).   String  fields  are terminated by '\0' if they are
       shorter than the size of the field.

       The  first  entries  ever  created  result  from   init(8)   processing
       inittab(5).   Before  an  entry is processed, though, init(8) cleans up
       utmp by setting ut_type to DEAD_PROCESS, clearing ut_user, ut_host, and
       ut_time   with  null  bytes  for  each  record  which  ut_type  is  not
       DEAD_PROCESS or RUN_LVL and where no process with  PID  ut_pid  exists.
       If  no empty record with the needed ut_id can be found, init(8) creates
       a new one.  It sets ut_id from the inittab, ut_pid and ut_time  to  the
       current values, and ut_type to INIT_PROCESS.

       mingetty(8)  (or  agetty(8))  locates  the  entry  by  the PID, changes
       ut_type to LOGIN_PROCESS, changes ut_time, sets ut_line, and waits  for
       connection  to  be  established.   login(1),  after  a  user  has  been
       authenticated, changes ut_type to USER_PROCESS,  changes  ut_time,  and
       sets  ut_host and ut_addr.  Depending on mingetty(8) (or agetty(8)) and
       login(1), records may be located by ut_line instead of  the  preferable
       ut_pid.

       When init(8) finds that a process has exited, it locates its utmp entry
       by ut_pid, sets ut_type to DEAD_PROCESS, and  clears  ut_user,  ut_host
       and ut_time with null bytes.

       xterm(1)  and  other  terminal emulators directly create a USER_PROCESS
       record and generate the ut_id by using the string that suffix  part  of
       the terminal name (the characters following /dev/[pt]ty).  If they find
       a DEAD_PROCESS for this ID, they recycle it, otherwise  they  create  a
       new  entry.   If they can, they will mark it as DEAD_PROCESS on exiting
       and it is advised that they null ut_line, ut_time, ut_user, and ut_host
       as well.

       telnetd(8)  sets  up  a  LOGIN_PROCESS  entry  and  leaves  the rest to
       login(1) as usual.  After the telnet session ends, telnetd(8) cleans up
       utmp in the described way.

       The  wtmp  file  records all logins and logouts.  Its format is exactly
       like utmp except that  a  null  username  indicates  a  logout  on  the
       associated  terminal.   Furthermore,  the terminal name ~ with username
       shutdown or reboot indicates a system shutdown or reboot and  the  pair
       of terminal names |/} logs the old/new system time when date(1) changes
       it.  wtmp is maintained by login(1),  init(8),  and  some  versions  of
       getty(8)  (e.g.,  mingetty(8)  or  agetty(8)).   None of these programs
       creates the file, so if it is removed, record-keeping is turned off.

FILES

       /var/run/utmp
       /var/log/wtmp

CONFORMING TO

       POSIX.1 does not specify a utmp structure, but rather one named  utmpx,
       with  specifications  for  the  fields ut_type, ut_pid, ut_line, ut_id,
       ut_user, and ut_tv.  POSIX.1  does  not  specify  the  lengths  of  the
       ut_line and ut_user fields.

       Linux defines the utmpx structure to be the same as the utmp structure.

   Comparison with Historical Systems
       Linux utmp entries conform neither to v7/BSD nor to System V; they  are
       a mix of the two.

       v7/BSD  has  fewer  fields;  most  importantly  it lacks ut_type, which
       causes native v7/BSD-like programs to display  (for  example)  dead  or
       login entries.  Further, there is no configuration file which allocates
       slots to sessions.  BSD does so because it lacks ut_id fields.

       In Linux (as in System V), the ut_id  field  of  a  record  will  never
       change once it has been set, which reserves that slot without needing a
       configuration file.  Clearing  ut_id  may  result  in  race  conditions
       leading  to  corrupted  utmp  entries  and  potential  security  holes.
       Clearing the abovementioned fields by filling them with null  bytes  is
       not  required  by System V semantics, but makes it possible to run many
       programs which assume BSD semantics  and  which  do  not  modify  utmp.
       Linux  uses the BSD conventions for line contents, as documented above.

       System V has no ut_host or ut_addr_v6 fields.

NOTES

       Unlike various other systems, where utmp logging  can  be  disabled  by
       removing  the  file,  utmp  must always exist on Linux.  If you want to
       disable who(1) then do not make utmp world readable.

       The file format is machine-dependent, so it is recommended that  it  be
       processed only on the machine architecture where it was created.

       Note  that  on  biarch  platforms,  that is, systems which can run both
       32-bit and 64-bit applications (x86-64, ppc64, s390x, etc.),  ut_tv  is
       the  same  size  in  32-bit  mode as in 64-bit mode.  The same goes for
       ut_session and ut_time if they are present.  This allows data files and
       shared  memory  to  be  shared  between 32-bit and 64-bit applications.
       This is achieved by changing the type of  ut_session  to  int32_t,  and
       that  of  ut_tv to a struct with two int32_t fields tv_sec and tv_usec.
       Since ut_tv may not be the same as struct timeval, then instead of  the
       call:

           gettimeofday((struct timeval *) &ut.ut_tv, NULL);

       the following method of setting this field is recommended:

           struct utmp ut;
           struct timeval tv;

           gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
           ut.ut_tv.tv_sec = tv.tv_sec;
           ut.ut_tv.tv_usec = tv.tv_usec;

       Note  that the utmp struct from libc5 has changed in libc6.  Because of
       this, binaries using the old libc5 struct  will  corrupt  /var/run/utmp
       and/or /var/log/wtmp.

BUGS

       This  man  page  is based on the libc5 one, things may work differently
       now.

SEE ALSO

       ac(1), date(1), last(1),  login(1),  who(1),  getutent(3),  getutmp(3),
       login(3), logout(3), logwtmp(3), updwtmp(3), init(8)

COLOPHON

       This  page  is  part of release 3.24 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.