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NAME

       srec_motorola - Motorola S‐Record hexadecimal file format

DESCRIPTION

       This format is also known as the Exorciser, Exormacs or Exormax format.

       Motorola’s S‐record format allows  binary  files  to  be  uploaded  and
       downloaded between two computer systems.  This type of format is widely
       used when transferring programs and  data  between  a  computer  system
       (such as a PC, Macintosh, or workstation) and an emulator or evaluation
       board for Motorola microcontrollers and microprocessors.

   The Lines
       Most S‐Record file contain only S‐Record lines (see the next  section),
       which  always  start with a capital S character.  Some systems generate
       various “extensions[rq] which usually manifest  as  lines  which  start
       with  something  else.  These “extension[rq] lines may or may not break
       other systems made by other vendors.  Caveat emptor.

   The Fields
       The S‐Record format consists of 5 fields. These  are  the  type  field,
       length  field,  address field, data field, and the checksum.  The lines
       always start with a capital S character.

               +--+------+---------------+---------+------+----------+
               |S | Type | Record Length | Address | Data | Checksum |
               +--+------+---------------+---------+------+----------+
       Type    The type field is a 1 character field  that  specifies  whether
               the record is an S0, S1, S2, S3, S5, S6, S7, S8 or S9 field.

       Record Length
               The  record  length  field is a 2 character (1 byte) field that
               specifies the number of character pairs (bytes) in the  record,
               excluding the type and record length fields.

       Address This  is  a  2‐,  3‐ or 4‐byte address that specifies where the
               data in the S‐Record is to be loaded into memory.

       Data    The data field contains the  executable  code,  memory‐loadable
               data or descriptive information to be transferred.

       Checksum
               The  checksum  is  an  8‐bit  field  that  represents the least
               significant byte of the one’s complement  of  the  sum  of  the
               values  represented  by  the  pairs of characters making up the
               record’s length, address, and data fields.

   Record Types
       S0      This type of record is the header  record  for  each  block  of
               S‐Records.    The   data  field  may  contain  any  descriptive
               information identifying the following block of S‐Records.   (It
               is  commonly  “HDR[rq]  on many systems.)  The address field is
               normally zero.

       S1      A record containing data and the 2‐byte address  at  which  the
               data is to reside.

       S2      A  record  containing  data and the 3‐byte address at which the
               data is to reside.

       S3      A record containing data and the 4‐byte address  at  which  the
               data is to reside.

       S5
               An  optional  record  containing  the  number  of S1, S2 and S3
               records transmitted in a particular block.  The  count  appears
               in the two‐byte address field.  There is no data field.

               This  record  is  optional,  you do not have to use it.  Nobody
               knows if you can have more than one in a file; and if  you  do,
               nobody  knows  whether  or not the line count resets after each
               one.

               The srec_cat command will  only  ever  use  one,  provided  the
               number of lines fits in 16 bits, otherwise it will use S6.

                      S6
                              An  optional record containing the number of S1,
                              S2 and S3 records transmitted  in  a  particular
                              block.   The  count  appears  in  the three‐byte
                              address field.  There is no data field.

                              This record is optional, you do not have to  use
                              it.   Nobody knows if you can have more than one
                              in a file; and if you do, nobody  knows  whether
                              or not the line count resets after each one.

                              Nobody  knows  what happens if you mix S5 and S6
                              records in a file.

                              The srec_cat command will  only  ever  use  one,
                              provided the number of lines fits in 24 bits.

                      S7      A  termination record for a block of S3 records.
                              The address field may contain the 4‐byte address
                              of  the  instruction to which control is passed.
                              There is no data field.

                      S8      A termination record for a block of S2  records.
                              The  address  field  may  optionally contain the
                              3‐byte  address  of  the  instruction  to  which
                              control is passed.  There is no data field.

                      S9      A  termination record for a block of S1 records.
                              The address field  may  optionally  contain  the
                              2‐byte  address  of  the  instruction  to  which
                              control is passed.  If not specified, the  first
                              entry  point  specification  encountered  in the
                              object module input will be used.  There  is  no
                              data field.

   Size Multiplier
       In general, binary data will expand in sized by approximately 2.4 times
       when represented with this format.

EXAMPLE

       Here is an  example  S‐Record  file.   It  contains  the  data  “Hello,
       World[rq] to be loaded at address 0.
              S00600004844521B
              S110000048656C6C6F2C20576F726C640A9D
              S5030001FB
              S9030000FC

COPYRIGHT

       srec_cat version 1.55
       Copyright  (C)  1998,  1999,  2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
       2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Peter Miller

       The srec_cat program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details use
       the ’srec_cat -VERSion License’ command.  This is free software and you
       are welcome to redistribute it under certain  conditions;  for  details
       use the ’srec_cat -VERSion License’ command.

AUTHOR

       Peter Miller   E‐Mail:   pmiller@opensource.org.au
       /\/\*             WWW:   http://miller.emu.id.au/pmiller/