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NAME

       readers.conf - Access control and configuration for nnrpd

DESCRIPTION

       readers.conf in pathetc specifies access control for nnrpd(8).  It
       controls who is allowed to connect as a news reader and what they’re
       allowed to do after they connect.  nnrpd reads this file when it starts
       up.  This generally means that any changes take effect immediately on
       all subsequent connections, but nnrpd may have to be restarted if you
       use the -D option.  (The location pathetc/readers.conf is only the
       default; the same format applies to any file specified with "nnrpd
       -c".)

       There are two types of entries in readers.conf:  parameter/value pairs
       and configuration groups.  Blank lines and anything after a number sign
       ("#") are ignored, unless the character "#" is escaped with "\".  The
       maximum number of characters on each line is 8,191.

       Parameter/value pairs consist of a keyword immediately followed by a
       colon, at least one whitespace character, and a value.  The case of the
       parameter is significant (parameter should generally be in all
       lowercase), and a parameter may contain any characters except colon,
       "#", and whitespace.  An example:

           hosts: *.example.com

       Values that contain whitespace should be quoted with double quotes, as
       in:

           hosts: "*.example.com, *.example.net"

       If the parameter does not contain whitespace, such as:

           hosts: *.example.com,*.example.net

       it’s not necessary to quote it, although you may wish to anyway for
       clarity.

       There is no way to continue a line on the next line, and therefore no
       way to have a single parameter with a value longer than about 8,180
       characters.

       Many parameters take a boolean value.  For all such parameters, the
       value may be specified as "true", "yes", or "on" to turn it on and may
       be any of "false", "no", or "off" to turn it off.  The case of these
       values is not significant.

       There are two basic types of configuration groups, auth and access.
       The auth group provides mechanisms to establish the identity of the
       user, who they are.  The access group determines, given the user’s
       identity, what that user is permitted to do.  Writing a readers.conf
       file for your setup is a two-step process: first assigning an identity
       to each incoming connection using auth groups, and then giving each
       identity appropriate privileges with access group.  We recommend not
       intermingling auth groups and access groups in the config file; it is
       often more sensible (in the absence of the key parameter) to put all of
       the auth groups first, and all of the access groups below.

       A user identity, as established by an auth group, looks like an e-mail
       address; in other words, it’s in the form "<username>@<domain>" (or
       sometimes just "<username>" if no domain is specified.

       If nnrpdauthsender is set in inn.conf, the user identity is also put
       into the Sender: header of posts made by that user.  See the
       documentation of that option in inn.conf(5) for more details.

       An auth group definition looks like:

           auth <name> {
               hosts: <host-wildmat>
               auth: <auth-program>
               res: <res-program>
               default: <defuser>
               default-domain: <defdomain>
               # ...possibly other settings
           }

       The <name> is used as a label for the group and is only for
       documentation purposes.  (If your syslog configuration records the
       "news.debug" facility, the <name> will appear in the debugging output
       of nnrpd.  Examining that output can be very helpful in understanding
       why your configuration doesn’t do what you expect it to.)

       A given auth group applies only to hosts whose name or IP address
       matches the wildmat expression given with the hosts: parameter (comma-
       separated wildmat expressions allowed, but "@" is not supported).
       Rather than wildmat expressions, you may also use CIDR notation to
       match any IP address in a netblock; for example, "10.10.10.0/24" will
       match any IP address between 10.10.10.0 and 10.10.10.255 inclusive.

       If compiled against the TLS/SSL libraries, an auth group with the
       require_ssl parameter set to true only applies if the incoming
       connection is using TLS, either from the beginning if the -S flag was
       passed to nnrpd or after a successful use of STARTTLS.

       For any connection from a host that matches that wildmat expression or
       netblock, each <res-program> (multiple res: lines may be present in a
       block; they are run in sequence until one succeeds), if any, is run to
       determine the identity of the user just from the connection
       information.  If all the resolvers fail, or if the res: parameter isn’t
       present, the user is assigned an identity of "<defuser>@<defdomain>";
       in other words, the values of the default: and default-domain:
       parameters are used.  If <res-program> only returns a username,
       <defdomain> is used as the domain.

       If the user later authenticates via the AUTHINFO USER/PASS commands,
       the provided username and password are passed to each <auth-program>
       (multiple auth, perl_auth, or python_auth lines may be present in a
       block; they are run in sequence until one succeeds), if any.  If one
       succeeds and returns a different identity than the one assigned at the
       time of the connection, it is matched against the available access
       groups again and the actions the user is authorized to do may change.
       The most common <auth-program> to use is ckpasswd, which supports
       several ways of checking passwords including using PAM.  See the
       ckpasswd(8) man page for more details.

       When matching auth groups, the last auth group in the file that matches
       a given connection and username/password combination is used.

       An access group definition usually looks like:

           access <name> {
               users: <identity-wildmat>
               newsgroups: <group-wildmat>
               # ...possibly other settings
           }

       Again, <name> is just for documentation purposes.  This says that all
       users whose identity matches <identity-wildmat> can read and post to
       all newsgroups matching <group-wildmat> (as before, comma-separated
       wildmat expressions are allowed, but "@" is not supported).
       Alternately, you can use the form:

           access <name> {
               users: <identity-wildmat>
               read: <read-wildmat>
               post: <post-wildmat>
           }

       and matching users will be able to read any group that matches
       <read-wildmat> and post to any group that matches <post-wildmat>.  You
       can also set several other things in the access group as well as
       override various inn.conf(5) parameters for just a particular group of
       users.

       Just like with auth groups, when matching access groups the last
       matching one in the file is used to determine the user’s permissions.
       There is an exception to this rule: if the auth group which matched the
       client contains a perl_access: or python_access: parameter, then the
       script given as argument is used to dynamically generate an access
       group.  This new access group is then used to determine the access
       rights of the client; the access groups in the file are ignored.

       There is one additional special case to be aware of.  When forming
       particularly complex authentication and authorization rules, it is
       sometimes useful for the identities provided by a given auth group to
       only apply to particular access groups; in other words, rather than
       checking the identity against the users: parameter of every access
       group, it’s checked against the users: parameter of only some specific
       access groups.  This is done with the key: parameter.  For example:

           auth example {
               key: special
               hosts: *.example.com
               default: <SPECIAL>
           }

           access example {
               key: special
               users: <SPECIAL>
               newsgroups: *
           }

       In this case, the two key: parameters bind this auth group with this
       access group.  For any incoming connection matching "*.example.com"
       (assuming there isn’t any later auth group that also matches such
       hosts), no access group that doesn’t have "key: special" will even be
       considered.  Similarly, the above access group will only be checked if
       the user was authenticated with an auth group containing "key:
       special".  This mechanism normally isn’t useful; there is almost always
       a better way to achieve the same result.

       Also note in the example that there’s no default-domain: parameter,
       which means that no domain is appended to the default username and the
       identity for such connections is just "<SPECIAL>".  Note that some
       additional add-ons to INN may prefer that authenticated identities
       always return a full e-mail address (including a domain), so you may
       want to set up your system that way.

       Below is the full list of allowable parameters for auth groups and
       access groups, and after that are some examples that may make this
       somewhat clearer.

AUTH GROUP PARAMETERS

       An access group without at least one of the res:, auth:, perl_auth:,
       python_auth:, or default: parameters makes no sense (and in practice
       will just be ignored).

       hosts:
           A comma-separated list of remote hosts, wildmat patterns matching
           either hostnames or IP addresses, or IP netblocks specified in CIDR
           notation.  If a user connects from a host that doesn’t match this
           parameter, this auth group will not match the connection and is
           ignored.

           Note that if you have a large number of patterns that can’t be
           merged into broader patterns (such as a large number of individual
           systems scattered around the net that should have access), the
           hosts: parameter may exceed the maximum line length of 8,192
           characters.  In that case, you’ll need to break that auth group
           into multiple auth groups, each with a portion of the hosts listed
           in its hosts: parameter, and each assigning the same user identity.

           All hosts match if this parameter is not given.

       localaddress:
           A comma-separated list of local host or address patterns with the
           same syntax as the same as with the hosts: parameter.  If this
           parameter is specified, its auth group will only match connections
           made to a matching local interface.  (Obviously, this is only
           useful for servers with multiple interfaces.)

           All local addresses match if this parameter is not given.

       res:
           A simple command line for a user resolver (shell metacharacters are
           not supported).  If a full path is not given, the program executed
           must be in the pathbin/auth/resolv directory.  A resolver is an
           authentication program which attempts to figure out the identity of
           the connecting user using nothing but the connection information
           (in other words, the user has not provided a username and
           password).  An examples of a resolver would be a program that
           assigns an identity from an ident callback or from the user’s
           hostname.

           One auth group can have multiple res: parameters, and they will be
           tried in the order they’re listed.  The results of the first
           successful one will be used.

       auth:
           A simple command line for a user authenticator (shell
           metacharacters are not supported).  If a full path is not given,
           the program executed must be located in the pathbin/auth/passwd
           directory.  An authenticator is a program used to handle a user-
           supplied username and password, via a mechanism such as AUTHINFO
           USER/PASS.  Like with res:, one auth group can have multiple auth:
           parameters; they will be tried in order and the results of the
           first successful one will be used.  See also perl_auth: below.

           The most common authenticator to use is ckpasswd(8); see its man
           page for more information.

       perl_auth:
           A path to a perl script for authentication.  The perl_auth:
           parameter works exactly like auth:, except that it calls the named
           script using the perl hook rather then an external program.
           Multiple/mixed use of the auth, perl_auth, and python_auth
           parameters is permitted within any auth group; each line is tried
           in the order it appears.  perl_auth: has more power than auth: in
           that it provides the authentication program with additional
           information about the client and the ability to return an error
           string and a username.  This parameter is only valid if INN is
           compiled with Perl support (--with-perl passed to configure).  More
           information may be found in doc/hook-perl.

       python_auth:
           A Python script for authentication.  The python_auth parameter
           works exactly like auth, except that it calls the named script
           (without its ".py" extension) using the Python hook rather then an
           external program.  Multiple/mixed use of the auth, perl_auth, and
           python_auth parameters is permitted within any auth group; each
           line is tried in the order it appears.  python_auth has more power
           than auth in that it provides the authentication program with
           additional information about the client and the ability to return
           an error string and a username.  This parameter is only valid if
           INN is compiled with Python support (--with-python passed to
           configure).  More information may be found in doc/hook-python.

       default:
           The default username for connections matching this auth group.
           This is the username assigned to the user at connection time if all
           resolvers fail or if there are no res: parameters.  Note that it
           can be either a bare username, in which case default-domain: (if
           present) is appended after an "@", or a full identity string
           containing an "@", in which case it will be used verbatim.

       default-domain:
           The default domain string for this auth group.  If a user resolver
           or authenticator doesn’t provide a domain, or if the default
           username is used and it doesn’t contain a "@", this domain is used
           to form the user identity.  (Note that for a lot of setups, it’s
           not really necessary for user identities to be qualified with a
           domain name, in which case there’s no need to use this parameter.)

       key:
           If this parameter is present, any connection matching this auth
           group will have its privileges determined only by the subset of
           access groups containing a matching key parameter.

       require_ssl:
           If set to true, an incoming connection only matches this auth group
           if it is encrypted using TLS/SSL, either from the beginning if the
           -S flag was passed to nnrpd or after a successful use of STARTTLS.
           This parameter is only valid if INN is compiled with TLS/SSL
           support (--with-openssl passed to configure).

       perl_access:
           A path to a perl script for dynamically generating an access group.
           If an auth group matches successfully and contains a perl_access
           parameter, then the argument perl script will be used to create an
           access group.  This group will then determine the access rights of
           the client, overriding any access groups in readers.conf.  If and
           only if a sucessful auth group contains the perl_access parameter,
           readers.conf access groups are ignored and the client’s rights are
           instead determined dynamically.  This parameter is only valid if
           INN is compiled with Perl support (--with-perl passed to
           configure).  More information may be found in the file
           doc/hook-perl.

       python_access:
           A Python script for dynamically generating an access group.  If an
           auth group matches successfully and contains a python_access
           parameter, then the argument script (without its ".py" extension)
           will be used to create an access group.  This group will then
           determine the access rights of the client, overriding any access
           groups in readers.conf.  If and only if a successful auth group
           contains the python_access parameter, readers.conf access groups
           are ignored and the client’s rights are instead determined
           dynamically.  This parameter is only valid if INN is compiled with
           Python support (--with-python passed to configure).  More
           information may be found in the file doc/hook-python.

       python_dynamic:
           A Python script for applying access control dynamically on a per
           newsgroup basis.  If an auth group matches successfully and
           contains a python_dynamic parameter, then the argument script
           (without its ".py" extension) will be used to determine the clients
           rights each time the user attempts to view a newsgroup, or read or
           post an article.  Access rights as determined by python_dynamic
           override the values of access group parameters such as newsgroups,
           read and post.  This parameter is only valid if INN is compiled
           with Python support (--with-python passed to configure).  More
           information may be found in the file doc/hook-python.

ACCESS GROUP PARAMETERS

       users:
           The privileges given by this access group apply to any user
           identity which matches this comma-separated list of wildmat
           patterns.  If this parameter isn’t given, the access group applies
           to all users (and is essentially equivalent to "users: *").

       newsgroups:
           Users that match this access group are allowed to read and post to
           all newsgroups matching this comma-separated list of wildmat
           patterns.  The empty string is equivalent to "newsgroups: *"; if
           this parameter is missing, the connection will be rejected (unless
           read: and/or post: are used instead, see below).

       read:
           Like the newsgroups: parameter, but the client is only given
           permission to read the matching newsgroups.  This parameter is
           often used with post: (below) to specify some read-only groups; it
           cannot be used in the same access group with a newsgroups:
           parameter.  (If read: is used and post: is missing, the client will
           have only read-only access.)

       post:
           Like the newsgroups: parameter, but the client is only given
           permission to post to the matching newsgroups.  This parameter is
           often used with read: (above) to define the patterns for reading
           and posting separately (usually to give the user permission to read
           more newsgroups than they’re permitted to post to).  It cannot be
           used in the same access group with a newsgroups: parameter.

       access:
           A set of letters specifying the permissions granted to the client.
           The letters are chosen from the following set:

           R  The client may read articles.

           P  The client may post articles.

           I  The client may inject articles with IHAVE.  Note that in order
              to inject articles with the IHAVE the user must also have POST
              permission (the "P" option).

           A  The client may post articles with Approved: headers (in other
              words, may approve articles for moderated newsgroups).  By
              default, this is not allowed.

           N  The client may use the NEWNEWS command, overriding the global
              setting.

           L  The client may post to newsgroups that are set to disallow local
              posting (status fields "j", "n" and "x" in the active(5) file).

           Note that if this parameter is given, allownewnews in inn.conf is
           ignored for connections matching this access group and the ability
           of the client to use NEWNEWS is entirely determined by the presence
           of "N" in the access string.  If you want to support NEWNEWS, make
           sure to include "N" in the access string when you use this
           parameter.

           Note that if this parameter is given and "R" isn’t present in the
           access string, the client cannot read regardless of newsgroups: or
           read: parameters.  Similarly, if this parameter is given and "P"
           isn’t present, the client cannot post.  This use of access: is
           deprecated and confusing; it’s strongly recommended that if the
           access: parameter is used, "R" and "P" always be included in the
           access string and newsgroups:, read:, and post: be used to control
           access.  (To grant read access but no posting access, one can have
           just a read: parameter and no post: parameter.)

       key:
           If this parameter is present, this access group is only considered
           when finding privileges for users matching auth groups with this
           same key: parameter.

       reject_with:
           If this parameter is present, a client matching this block will be
           disconnected with a "Permission denied" message containing the
           contents (a "reason" string) of this parameter.  Some newsreaders
           will then display the reason to the user.

       max_rate:
           If this parameter is present (and nonzero), it is used for nnrpd’s
           rate-limiting code.  The client will only be able to download at
           this speed (in bytes/second).  Note that if TLS/SSL is being used,
           limiting is applied to the pre-encryption datastream.

       localtime:
           If a Date: header is not included in a posted article, nnrpd(8)
           normally adds a new Date: header in UTC.  If this is set to true,
           the Date: header will be formatted in local time instead.  This is
           a boolean value and the default is false.

       newsmaster:
           Used as the contact address in the help message returned by
           nnrpd(8), if the virtualhost: parameter is set to true.

       strippath:
           If set to true, any Path: header provided by a user in a post is
           stripped rather than used as the beginning of the Path: header of
           the article.  This is a boolean value and the default is false.

       perlfilter:
           If set to false, posts made by these users do not pass through the
           Perl filter even if it is otherwise enabled.  This is a boolean
           value and the default is true.

       pythonfilter:
           If set to false, posts made by these users do not pass through the
           Python filter even if it is otherwise enabled.  This is a boolean
           value and the default is true.

       virtualhost:
           Set this parameter to true in order to make nnrpd behave as if it
           is running on a server with a different name than it actually is.
           If you set this parameter to true, you must also set either
           pathhost: or domain: in the relevant access group in readers.conf
           to something different than is set in inn.conf.  All articles
           displayed to clients will then have their Path: and Xref: headers
           altered to appear to be from the server named in pathhost: or
           domain: (whichever is set), and posted articles will use that
           server name in the Path:, Message-ID:, and X-Trace: headers.

           Note that setting this parameter requires the server modify all
           posts before presenting them to the client and therefore may
           decrease performance slightly.

       In addition, all of the following parameters are valid in access groups
       and override the global setting in inn.conf.  See inn.conf(5) for the
       descriptions of these parameters:

           addnntppostingdate, addnntppostinghost, backoff_auth, backoff_db,
           backoff_k, backoff_postfast, backoff_postslow, backoff_trigger,
           checkincludedtext, clienttimeout, complaints, domain,
           fromhost, localmaxartsize, moderatormailer, nnrpdauthsender,
           nnrpdcheckart, nnrpdoverstats, nnrpdposthost, nnrpdpostport, organization,
           pathhost, readertrack, spoolfirst, strippostcc.

SUMMARY

       Here’s a basic summary of what happens when a client connects:

       · All auth groups are scanned and the ones that don’t match the client
         (due to hosts, localaddress, require_ssl, etc.) are eliminated.

       · The remaining auth groups are scanned from the last to the first, and
         an attempt is made to apply it to the current connection.  This means
         running res: programs, if any, and otherwise applying default:.  The
         first auth group (starting from the bottom) to return a valid user is
         kept as the active auth group.

       · If no auth groups yield a valid user (none have default: parameters
         or successful res: programs) but some of the auth groups have auth:
         lines (indicating a possibility that the user can authenticate and
         then obtain permissions), the connection is considered to have no
         valid auth group (which means that the access groups are ignored
         completely) but the connection isn’t closed.  Instead, 480 is
         returned for everything until the user authenticates.

       · When the user authenticates, the auth groups are rescanned, and only
         the matching ones which contain at least one auth, perl_auth, or
         python_auth line are considered.  These auth groups are scanned from
         the last to the first, running auth: programs and perl_auth: or
         python_auth: scripts.  The first auth group (starting from the
         bottom) to return a valid user is kept as the active auth group.

       · Regardless of how an auth group is established, as soon as one is,
         that auth group is used to assign a user identity by taking the
         result of the successful res, auth, perl_auth, or python_auth line
         (or the default: if necessary), and appending the default-domain if
         necessary.  (If the perl_access: or python_access: parameter is
         present, see below.)

       · Finally, an access group is selected by scanning the access groups
         from bottom up and finding the first match.  (If the established auth
         group contained a perl_access: or python_access line, the dynamically
         generated access group returned by the script is used instead.)  User
         permissions are granted based on the established access group.

EXAMPLES

       Probably the simplest useful example of a complete readers.conf, this
       gives permissions to read and post to all groups to any connections
       from the "example.com" domain, and no privileges for anyone connecting
       elsewhere:

           auth example.com {
               hosts: "*.example.com, example.com"
               default: <LOCAL>
           }

           access full {
               newsgroups: *
           }

       Note that the access realm has no users: key and therefore applies to
       any user identity.  The only available auth realm only matches hosts in
       the "example.com" domain, though, so any connections from other hosts
       will be rejected immediately.

       If you have some systems that should only have read-only access to the
       server, you can modify the example above slightly by adding an
       additional auth and access group:

           auth lab {
               hosts: "*.lab.example.com"
               default: <LAB>
           }

           access lab {
               users: <LAB>
               read: *
           }

       If those are put in the file after the above example, they’ll take
       precedence (because they’re later in the file) for any user coming from
       a machine in the lab.example.com domain, everyone will only have read
       access, not posting access.

       Here’s a similar example for a news server that accepts connections
       from anywhere but requires the user to specify a username and password.
       The username and password are first checked against an external
       database of usernames and passwords, and then against the system shadow
       password file:

           auth all {
               auth: "ckpasswd -d <pathdb in inn.conf>/newsusers"
               auth: "ckpasswd -s"
           }

           access full {
               users: *
               newsgroups: *
           }

       When the user first connects, there are no res: keys and no default, so
       they don’t receive any valid identity and the connection won’t match
       any access groups (even ones with "users: *").  Such users receive
       nothing but authentication-required responses from nnrpd until they
       authenticate.

       If they then later authenticate, the username and password are checked
       first by running ckpasswd with the -d option for an external dbm file
       of encrypted passwords, and then with the -s option to check the shadow
       password database (note that this option may require ckpasswd to be
       setgid to a shadow group, and there are security considerations; see
       ckpasswd(8) for details).  If both of those fail, the user will
       continue to have no identity; otherwise, an identity will be assigned
       (usually the supplied username, perhaps with a domain appended,
       although an authenticator technically can provide a completely
       different username for the identity), and the access group will match,
       giving full access.

       It may be educational to consider how to combine the above examples;
       general groups always go first.  The order of the auth groups actually
       doesn’t matter, since the "hosts: example.com" one only matches
       connections before username/password is sent, and the "auth: ckpasswd"
       one only matches after; order would matter if either group applied to
       both cases.  The order of the access groups in this case does matter,
       provided the newsgroups: lines differ; the access group with no users:
       line needs to be first, with the "users: <LOCAL>" group after.

       Here’s an example of another common case: a server that only allows
       connections from a local domain and has an additional hierarchy that’s
       password-restricted.

           auth "example.com" {
               hosts: "*.example.com"
               auth: "ckpasswd -d <pathdb in inn.conf>/newsusers"
               default: "anonymous"
           }

           access regular {
               newsgroups: "*,!example.restricted.*"
           }

           access full {
               users: "*,!anonymous"
               newsgroups: *
           }

       In this example, unauthenticated users get the identity "anonymous",
       which matches only the first access group and hence doesn’t get access
       to the example.restricted.* hierarchy.  Anyone who authenticates using
       a password in the newsusers file gets full access to all groups.
       However, note that the only authentication block is limited to
       hostnames in the example.com domain; connections outside of that domain
       will never be allowed access or an opportunity to authenticate.

       Here’s a very complicated example.  This is for an organization that
       has an internal hierarchy "example.*" only available to local shell
       users, who are on machines where identd can be trusted.  Dialup users
       must provide a username and password, which is then checked against
       RADIUS.  Remote users have to use a username and password that’s
       checked against a database on the news server.  Finally, the admin
       staff (users "joe" and "jane") can post anywhere (including the
       "example.admin.*" groups that are read-only for everyone else), and are
       exempted from the Perl filter.  For an additional twist, posts from
       dialup users have their Sender: header replaced by their authenticated
       identity.

       Since this organization has some internal moderated newsgroups, the
       admin staff can also post messages with Approved: headers, but other
       users cannot.

           auth default {
               auth: "ckpasswd -f <pathdb in inn.conf>/newsusers"
               default: <FAIL>
               default-domain: example.com
           }

           auth shell {
               hosts: *.shell.example.com
               res: ident
               auth: "ckpasswd -s"
               default: <FAIL>
               default-domain: shell.example.com
           }

           auth dialup {
               hosts: *.dialup.example.com
               auth: radius
               default: <FAIL>
               default-domain: dialup.example.com
           }

           access shell {
               users: *@shell.example.com
               read: *
               post: "*, !example.admin.*"
           }

           access dialup {
               users: *@dialup.example.com
               newsgroups: *,!example.*
               nnrpdauthsender: true
           }

           access other {
               users: "*@example.com, !<FAIL>@example.com"
               newsgroups: *,!example.*
           }

           access fail {
               users: "<FAIL>@*"
               newsgroups: !*
           }

           access admin {
               users: "joe@*,jane@*"
               newsgroups: *
               access: "RPA"
               perlfilter: false
           }

       Note the use of different domains to separate dialup from shell users
       easily.  Another way to do that would be with key: parameters, but this
       way provides slightly more intuitive identity strings.  Note also that
       the fail access group catches not only failing connections from
       external users but also failed authentication of shell and dialup users
       and dialup users before they’ve authenticated.  The identity string
       given for, say, dialup users before RADIUS authentication has been
       attempted matches both the dialup access group and the fail access
       group, since it’s "<FAIL>@dialup.example.com", but the fail group is
       last so it takes precedence.

       The shell auth group has an auth: parameter so that users joe and jane
       can, if they choose, use username and password authentication to gain
       their special privileges even if they’re logged on as a different user
       on the shell machines (or if ident isn’t working).  When they first
       connect, they’d have the default access for that user, but they could
       then send AUTHINFO USER and AUTHINFO PASS in order to get their
       extended access.

       Also note that if the users joe and jane are using their own accounts,
       they get their special privileges regardless of how they connect,
       whether the dialups, the shell machines, or even externally with a
       username and password.

       Finally, here’s a very simple example of a configuration for a public
       server for a particular hierarchy.

           auth default {
               hosts: *
               default: <PUBLIC>
           }

           access default {
               users: <PUBLIC>
               newsgroups: example.*
           }

       Notice that clients aren’t allowed to read any other groups; this keeps
       them from getting access to administrative groups or reading control
       messages, just as a precaution.  When running a public server like
       this, be aware that many public hierarchies will later be pulled down
       and reinjected into the main Usenet, so it’s highly recommended that
       you also run a Perl or Python filter to reject any messages crossposted
       out of your local hierarchy and any messages containing a Supersedes:
       header.  This will keep messages posted to your public hierarchy from
       hurting any of the rest of Usenet if they leak out.

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

       In general, separate passwords should be used for NNTP wherever
       possible; the NNTP protocol itself does not protect passwords from
       casual interception, and many implementations (including this one) do
       not "lock out" accounts or otherwise discourage password-guessing
       attacks.  So it is best to ensure that a compromised password has
       minimal effects.

       Authentication using the AUTHINFO USER/PASS commands passes unencrypted
       over the network.  Extreme caution should therefore be used especially
       with system passwords (e.g. "auth: ckpasswd -s").  Passwords can be
       protected by using NNTP over TLS/SSL or through ssh tunnels, and this
       usage can be enforced by a well-considered server configuration that
       only permits certain auth groups to be applied in certain cases.  Here
       are some ideas:

       ·   To restrict connections on the standard NNTP port (119) to use TLS
           for some (or all) of the auth groups to match, use the require_ssl
           parameter.  Note that a client can use STARTTLS to negotiate an
           encrypted connection.  A secure layer can also be negotiated during
           authentication via AUTHINFO SASL.

       ·   If you consider your local network (but not the internet) secure,
           have some auth groups with a restrictive hosts: parameter; they
           would go above, with ones having global applicability below.

       ·   Consider running nnrpd with the -S flag (either also with -D, or
           out of "super-server" like inetd) on the NNTPS port (563) for
           clients that support TLS/SSL.  See nnrpd(8) for more details about
           how to configure that.  You can use the require_ssl parameter or
           the -c flag to specify an alternate readers.conf file if you want a
           substantially different configuration for this case.

       ·   If you want to restrict an auth group to only match loopback
           connections (for users running newsreaders on localhost or
           connecting via an ssh tunnel), use the localaddress: parameter.

HISTORY

       Written by Aidan Cully <aidan@panix.com> for InterNetNews.
       Substantially expanded by Russ Allbery <rra@stanford.edu>.

       $Id: readers.conf.pod 9031 2010-03-23 18:31:55Z iulius $

SEE ALSO

       auth_krb5(8), ckpasswd(8), inn.conf(5), innd(8), newsfeeds(5),
       nnrpd(8), uwildmat(3).