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NAME

       dladdr, dlclose, dlerror, dlopen, dlsym, dlvsym - programming interface
       to dynamic linking loader

SYNOPSIS

       #include <dlfcn.h>

       void *dlopen(const char *filename, int flag);

       char *dlerror(void);

       void *dlsym(void *handle, const char *symbol);

       int dlclose(void *handle);

       Link with -ldl.

DESCRIPTION

       The four functions dlopen(), dlsym(),  dlclose(),  dlerror()  implement
       the interface to the dynamic linking loader.

   dlerror()
       The  function  dlerror() returns a human readable string describing the
       most recent error that occurred from  dlopen(),  dlsym()  or  dlclose()
       since  the  last  call to dlerror().  It returns NULL if no errors have
       occurred since initialization or since it was last called.

   dlopen()
       The function dlopen() loads the dynamic library file named by the null-
       terminated  string  filename  and  returns  an  opaque "handle" for the
       dynamic library.  If filename is NULL, then the returned handle is  for
       the  main  program.   If  filename  contains  a slash ("/"), then it is
       interpreted as a  (relative  or  absolute)  pathname.   Otherwise,  the
       dynamic  linker  searches  for the library as follows (see ld.so(8) for
       further details):

       o   (ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program  contains
           a  DT_RPATH  tag,  and  does not contain a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the
           directories listed in the DT_RPATH tag are searched.

       o   If, at the time that  the  program  was  started,  the  environment
           variable  LD_LIBRARY_PATH  was defined to contain a colon-separated
           list of directories, then  these  are  searched.   (As  a  security
           measure  this  variable is ignored for set-user-ID and set-group-ID
           programs.)

       o   (ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program  contains
           a  DT_RUNPATH  tag,  then  the  directories  listed in that tag are
           searched.

       o   The cache file  /etc/ld.so.cache  (maintained  by  ldconfig(8))  is
           checked to see whether it contains an entry for filename.

       o   The directories /lib and /usr/lib are searched (in that order).

       If  the  library has dependencies on other shared libraries, then these
       are also automatically loaded by the  dynamic  linker  using  the  same
       rules.  (This process may occur recursively, if those libraries in turn
       have dependencies, and so on.)

       One of the following two values must be included in flag:

       RTLD_LAZY
              Perform lazy binding.  Only resolve symbols  as  the  code  that
              references them is executed.  If the symbol is never referenced,
              then it is never resolved.  (Lazy binding is only performed  for
              function   references;   references   to  variables  are  always
              immediately bound when the library is loaded.)

       RTLD_NOW
              If  this  value  is  specified,  or  the  environment   variable
              LD_BIND_NOW  is  set to a nonempty string, all undefined symbols
              in the library are resolved before dlopen()  returns.   If  this
              cannot be done, an error is returned.

       Zero or more of the following values may also be ORed in flag:

       RTLD_GLOBAL
              The  symbols  defined by this library will be made available for
              symbol resolution of subsequently loaded libraries.

       RTLD_LOCAL
              This is the converse of RTLD_GLOBAL, and the default if  neither
              flag is specified.  Symbols defined in this library are not made
              available  to  resolve   references   in   subsequently   loaded
              libraries.

       RTLD_NODELETE (since glibc 2.2)
              Do  not  unload the library during dlclose().  Consequently, the
              library’s static variables are not reinitialized if the  library
              is  reloaded  with  dlopen()  at a later time.  This flag is not
              specified in POSIX.1-2001.

       RTLD_NOLOAD (since glibc 2.2)
              Don’t load the library.  This can be used to test if the library
              is  already resident (dlopen() returns NULL if it is not, or the
              library’s handle if it is resident).  This flag can also be used
              to  promote  the flags on a library that is already loaded.  For
              example, a library that was previously  loaded  with  RTLD_LOCAL
              can  be  reopened  with RTLD_NOLOAD | RTLD_GLOBAL.  This flag is
              not specified in POSIX.1-2001.

       RTLD_DEEPBIND (since glibc 2.3.4)
              Place the lookup scope of the symbols in this library  ahead  of
              the global scope.  This means that a self-contained library will
              use its own symbols in preference to  global  symbols  with  the
              same  name contained in libraries that have already been loaded.
              This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.

       If filename is a NULL pointer, then the returned handle is for the main
       program.   When  given  to  dlsym(),  this handle causes a search for a
       symbol in the main program, followed by all shared libraries loaded  at
       program  startup, and then all shared libraries loaded by dlopen() with
       the flag RTLD_GLOBAL.

       External references in the library are resolved using the libraries  in
       that  library’s  dependency  list  and  any  other libraries previously
       opened with the RTLD_GLOBAL flag.  If the executable  was  linked  with
       the  flag  "-rdynamic" (or, synonymously, "--export-dynamic"), then the
       global  symbols  in  the  executable  will  also  be  used  to  resolve
       references in a dynamically loaded library.

       If the same library is loaded again with dlopen(), the same file handle
       is returned.  The dl library maintains  reference  counts  for  library
       handles,  so  a  dynamic library is not deallocated until dlclose() has
       been called on it as many times as dlopen() has succeeded on  it.   The
       _init()  routine,  if  present,  is only called once.  But a subsequent
       call with RTLD_NOW may force symbol resolution for  a  library  earlier
       loaded with RTLD_LAZY.

       If dlopen() fails for any reason, it returns NULL.

   dlsym()
       The  function dlsym() takes a "handle" of a dynamic library returned by
       dlopen() and the null-terminated symbol  name,  returning  the  address
       where  that  symbol is loaded into memory.  If the symbol is not found,
       in  the  specified  library  or  any  of  the   libraries   that   were
       automatically  loaded by dlopen() when that library was loaded, dlsym()
       returns NULL.  (The  search  performed  by  dlsym()  is  breadth  first
       through  the  dependency  tree of these libraries.)  Since the value of
       the symbol could actually be NULL (so that a NULL return  from  dlsym()
       need not indicate an error), the correct way to test for an error is to
       call dlerror() to clear any old error conditions,  then  call  dlsym(),
       and then call dlerror() again, saving its return value into a variable,
       and check whether this saved value is not NULL.

       There are two special pseudo-handles, RTLD_DEFAULT and RTLD_NEXT.   The
       former  will  find the first occurrence of the desired symbol using the
       default library search order.  The latter will find the next occurrence
       of  a  function  in  the  search order after the current library.  This
       allows one to provide a wrapper around a  function  in  another  shared
       library.

   dlclose()
       The  function  dlclose()  decrements the reference count on the dynamic
       library handle handle.  If the reference count drops  to  zero  and  no
       other  loaded  libraries use symbols in it, then the dynamic library is
       unloaded.

       The function dlclose() returns 0 on success, and nonzero on error.

   The obsolete symbols _init() and _fini()
       The linker recognizes special symbols _init and _fini.   If  a  dynamic
       library  exports  a  routine  named _init(), then that code is executed
       after the loading, before dlopen() returns.   If  the  dynamic  library
       exports  a  routine  named  _fini(),  then  that routine is called just
       before the library is unloaded.  In case  you  need  to  avoid  linking
       against  the system startup files, this can be done by using the gcc(1)
       -nostartfiles command-line option.

       Using these routines, or the gcc -nostartfiles or -nostdlib options, is
       not recommended.  Their use may result in undesired behavior, since the
       constructor/destructor routines will not be  executed  (unless  special
       measures are taken).

       Instead,     libraries     should    export    routines    using    the
       __attribute__((constructor)) and  __attribute__((destructor))  function
       attributes.    See  the  gcc  info  pages  for  information  on  these.
       Constructor  routines  are  executed  before  dlopen()   returns,   and
       destructor routines are executed before dlclose() returns.

   Glibc extensions: dladdr() and dlvsym()
       Glibc adds two functions not described by POSIX, with prototypes

       #define _GNU_SOURCE
       #include <dlfcn.h>

       int dladdr(void *addr, Dl_info *info);

       void *dlvsym(void *handle, char *symbol, char *version);

       The  function  dladdr()  takes  a function pointer and tries to resolve
       name and file where it  is  located.   Information  is  stored  in  the
       Dl_info structure:

           typedef struct {
               const char *dli_fname;  /* Pathname of shared object that
                                          contains address */
               void       *dli_fbase;  /* Address at which shared object
                                          is loaded */
               const char *dli_sname;  /* Name of nearest symbol with address
                                          lower than addr */
               void       *dli_saddr;  /* Exact address of symbol named
                                          in dli_sname */
           } Dl_info;

       If no symbol matching addr could be found, then dli_sname and dli_saddr
       are set to NULL.

       dladdr() returns 0 on error, and nonzero on success.

       The function dlvsym(), provided by glibc since version  2.1,  does  the
       same as dlsym() but takes a version string as an additional argument.

CONFORMING TO

       POSIX.1-2001 describes dlclose(), dlerror(), dlopen(), and dlsym().

NOTES

       The  symbols  RTLD_DEFAULT  and RTLD_NEXT are defined by <dlfcn.h> only
       when _GNU_SOURCE was defined before including it.

       Since glibc 2.2.3, atexit(3) can be used to register  an  exit  handler
       that is automatically called when a library is unloaded.

   History
       The  dlopen  interface standard comes from SunOS.  That system also has
       dladdr(), but not dlvsym().

BUGS

       Sometimes, the function pointers you pass to dladdr() may surprise you.
       On   some  architectures  (notably  i386  and  x86_64),  dli_fname  and
       dli_fbase may end up pointing back at the object from which you  called
       dladdr(),  even  if the function used as an argument should come from a
       dynamically linked library.

       The problem is that the function pointer  will  still  be  resolved  at
       compile  time,  but  merely  point to the plt (Procedure Linkage Table)
       section of the original object (which dispatches the call after  asking
       the  dynamic  linker  to resolve the symbol).  To work around this, you
       can try to compile the  code  to  be  position-independent:  then,  the
       compiler cannot prepare the pointer at compile time anymore and today’s
       gcc(1) will generate code that just loads the final symbol address from
       the  got  (Global  Offset  Table)  at  run  time  before  passing it to
       dladdr().

EXAMPLE

       Load the math library, and print the cosine of 2.0:

       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <stdlib.h>
       #include <dlfcn.h>

       int
       main(int argc, char **argv)
       {
           void *handle;
           double (*cosine)(double);
           char *error;

           handle = dlopen("libm.so", RTLD_LAZY);
           if (!handle) {
               fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", dlerror());
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }

           dlerror();    /* Clear any existing error */

           /* Writing: cosine = (double (*)(double)) dlsym(handle, "cos");
              would seem more natural, but the C99 standard leaves
              casting from "void *" to a function pointer undefined.
              The assignment used below is the POSIX.1-2003 (Technical
              Corrigendum 1) workaround; see the Rationale for the
              POSIX specification of dlsym(). */

           *(void **) (&cosine) = dlsym(handle, "cos");

           if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL)  {
               fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", error);
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }

           printf("%f\n", (*cosine)(2.0));
           dlclose(handle);
           exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }

       If this program were in a file  named  "foo.c",  you  would  build  the
       program with the following command:

           gcc -rdynamic -o foo foo.c -ldl

       Libraries  exporting  _init()  and  _fini() will want to be compiled as
       follows, using bar.c as the example name:

           gcc -shared -nostartfiles -o bar bar.c

SEE ALSO

       ld(1),  ldd(1),   dl_iterate_phdr(3),   feature_test_macros(7),   rtld-
       audit(7),  ld.so(8),  ldconfig(8), ld.so info pages, gcc info pages, ld
       info pages

COLOPHON

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