NAME
c99 - compile standard C programs
SYNOPSIS
c99 [-c][-D name[=value]]...[-E][-g][-I directory] ... [-L directory]
... [-o outfile][-Ooptlevel][-s][-U name]... operand ...
DESCRIPTION
The c99 utility is an interface to the standard C compilation system;
it shall accept source code conforming to the ISO C standard. The
system conceptually consists of a compiler and link editor. The files
referenced by operands shall be compiled and linked to produce an
executable file. (It is unspecified whether the linking occurs entirely
within the operation of c99; some implementations may produce objects
that are not fully resolved until the file is executed.)
If the -c option is specified, for all pathname operands of the form
file .c, the files:
$(basename pathname .c).o
shall be created as the result of successful compilation. If the -c
option is not specified, it is unspecified whether such .o files are
created or deleted for the file .c operands.
If there are no options that prevent link editing (such as -c or -E),
and all operands compile and link without error, the resulting
executable file shall be written according to the -o outfile option (if
present) or to the file a.out.
The executable file shall be created as specified in File Read, Write,
and Creation , except that the file permission bits shall be set to:
S_IRWXO | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXU
and the bits specified by the umask of the process shall be cleared.
OPTIONS
The c99 utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines, except
that:
* The -l library operands have the format of options, but their
position within a list of operands affects the order in which
libraries are searched.
* The order of specifying the -I and -L options is significant.
* Conforming applications shall specify each option separately; that
is, grouping option letters (for example, -cO) need not be
recognized by all implementations.
The following options shall be supported:
-c Suppress the link-edit phase of the compilation, and do not
remove any object files that are produced.
-g Produce symbolic information in the object or executable files;
the nature of this information is unspecified, and may be
modified by implementation-defined interactions with other
options.
-s Produce object or executable files, or both, from which symbolic
and other information not required for proper execution using
the exec family defined in the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 has been removed (stripped). If both -g and
-s options are present, the action taken is unspecified.
-o outfile
Use the pathname outfile, instead of the default a.out, for the
executable file produced. If the -o option is present with -c or
-E, the result is unspecified.
-D name[=value]
Define name as if by a C-language #define directive. If no =
value is given, a value of 1 shall be used. The -D option has
lower precedence than the -U option. That is, if name is used in
both a -U and a -D option, name shall be undefined regardless of
the order of the options. Additional implementation-defined
names may be provided by the compiler. Implementations shall
support at least 2048 bytes of -D definitions and 256 names.
-E Copy C-language source files to standard output, expanding all
preprocessor directives; no compilation shall be performed. If
any operand is not a text file, the effects are unspecified.
-I directory
Change the algorithm for searching for headers whose names are
not absolute pathnames to look in the directory named by the
directory pathname before looking in the usual places. Thus,
headers whose names are enclosed in double-quotes ( "" ) shall
be searched for first in the directory of the file with the
#include line, then in directories named in -I options, and last
in the usual places. For headers whose names are enclosed in
angle brackets ( "<>" ), the header shall be searched for only
in directories named in -I options and then in the usual places.
Directories named in -I options shall be searched in the order
specified. Implementations shall support at least ten instances
of this option in a single c99 command invocation.
-L directory
Change the algorithm of searching for the libraries named in the
-l objects to look in the directory named by the directory
pathname before looking in the usual places. Directories named
in -L options shall be searched in the order specified.
Implementations shall support at least ten instances of this
option in a single c99 command invocation. If a directory
specified by a -L option contains files named libc.a, libm.a,
libl.a, or liby.a, the results are unspecified.
-O optlevel
Specify the level of code optimization. If the optlevel option-
argument is the digit ’0’ , all special code optimizations shall
be disabled. If it is the digit ’1’ , the nature of the
optimization is unspecified. If the -O option is omitted, the
nature of the system’s default optimization is unspecified. It
is unspecified whether code generated in the presence of the -O
0 option is the same as that generated when -O is omitted. Other
optlevel values may be supported.
-U name
Remove any initial definition of name.
Multiple instances of the -D, -I, -U, and -L options can be specified.
OPERANDS
An operand is either in the form of a pathname or the form -l library.
The application shall ensure that at least one operand of the pathname
form is specified. The following operands shall be supported:
file.c A C-language source file to be compiled and optionally linked.
The application shall ensure that the operand is of this form if
the -c option is used.
file.a A library of object files typically produced by the ar utility,
and passed directly to the link editor. Implementations may
recognize implementation-defined suffixes other than .a as
denoting object file libraries.
file.o An object file produced by c99 -c and passed directly to the
link editor. Implementations may recognize implementation-
defined suffixes other than .o as denoting object files.
The processing of other files is implementation-defined.
-l library
(The letter ell.) Search the library named:
liblibrary.a
A library shall be searched when its name is encountered, so the
placement of a -l operand is significant. Several standard libraries
can be specified in this manner, as described in the EXTENDED
DESCRIPTION section. Implementations may recognize implementation-
defined suffixes other than .a as denoting libraries.
STDIN
Not used.
INPUT FILES
The input file shall be one of the following: a text file containing a
C-language source program, an object file in the format produced by c99
-c, or a library of object files, in the format produced by archiving
zero or more object files, using ar. Implementations may supply
additional utilities that produce files in these formats. Additional
input file formats are implementation-defined.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of c99:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables
that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization
Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables
used to determine the values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all
the other internationalization variables.
LC_CTYPE
Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of
bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format
and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
NLSPATH
Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of
LC_MESSAGES .
TMPDIR Provide a pathname that should override the default directory
for temporary files, if any. On XSI-conforming systems,
provide a pathname that shall override the default directory for
temporary files, if any.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
If more than one file operand ending in .c (or possibly other
unspecified suffixes) is given, for each such file:
"%s:\n", <file>
may be written. These messages, if written, shall precede the
processing of each input file; they shall not be written to the
standard output if they are written to the standard error, as described
in the STDERR section.
If the -E option is specified, the standard output shall be a text file
that represents the results of the preprocessing stage of the language;
it may contain extra information appropriate for subsequent compilation
passes.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages. If more
than one file operand ending in .c (or possibly other unspecified
suffixes) is given, for each such file:
"%s:\n", <file>
may be written to allow identification of the diagnostic and warning
messages with the appropriate input file. These messages, if written,
shall precede the processing of each input file; they shall not be
written to the standard error if they are written to the standard
output, as described in the STDOUT section.
This utility may produce warning messages about certain conditions that
do not warrant returning an error (non-zero) exit value.
OUTPUT FILES
Object files or executable files or both are produced in unspecified
formats.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
Standard Libraries
The c99 utility shall recognize the following -l operands for standard
libraries:
-l c This operand shall make visible all functions referenced in the
System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, with the
possible exception of those functions listed as residing in
<aio.h>, <arpa/inet.h>, <complex.h>, <fenv.h>, <math.h>,
<mqueue.h>, <netdb.h>, <netinet/in.h>, <pthread.h>, <sched.h>,
<semaphore.h>, <spawn.h>, <sys/socket.h>, pthread_kill(), and
pthread_sigmask() in <signal.h>, <trace.h>, functions marked as
extensions other than as part of the MF or MPR extensions in
<sys/mman.h>, functions marked as ADV in <fcntl.h>, and
functions marked as CS, CPT, and TMR in <time.h>. This operand
shall not be required to be present to cause a search of this
library.
-l l This operand shall make visible all functions required by the C-
language output of lex that are not made available through the
-l c operand.
-l pthread
This operand shall make visible all functions referenced in
<pthread.h> and pthread_kill() and pthread_sigmask() referenced
in <signal.h>. An implementation may search this library in the
absence of this operand.
-l m This operand shall make visible all functions referenced in
<math.h>, <complex.h>, and <fenv.h>. An implementation may
search this library in the absence of this operand.
-l rt This operand shall make visible all functions referenced in
<aio.h>, <mqueue.h>, <sched.h>, <semaphore.h>, and <spawn.h>,
functions marked as extensions other than as part of the MF or
MPR extensions in <sys/mman.h>, functions marked as ADV in
<fcntl.h>, and functions marked as CS, CPT, and TMR in <time.h>.
An implementation may search this library in the absence of this
operand.
-l trace
This operand shall make visible all functions referenced in
<trace.h>. An implementation may search this library in the
absence of this operand.
-l xnet
This operand makes visible all functions referenced in
<arpa/inet.h>, <netdb.h>, <netinet/in.h>, and <sys/socket.h>. An
implementation may search this library in the absence of this
operand.
-l y This operand shall make visible all functions required by the C-
language output of yacc that are not made available through the
-l c operand.
In the absence of options that inhibit invocation of the link editor,
such as -c or -E, the c99 utility shall cause the equivalent of a -l c
operand to be passed to the link editor as the last -l operand, causing
it to be searched after all other object files and libraries are
loaded.
It is unspecified whether the libraries libc.a, libm.a, librt.a,
libpthread.a, libl.a, liby.a, or libxnet.a exist as regular files. The
implementation may accept as -l operands names of objects that do not
exist as regular files.
External Symbols
The C compiler and link editor shall support the significance of
external symbols up to a length of at least 31 bytes; the action taken
upon encountering symbols exceeding the implementation-defined maximum
symbol length is unspecified.
The compiler and link editor shall support a minimum of 511 external
symbols per source or object file, and a minimum of 4095 external
symbols in total. A diagnostic message shall be written to the standard
output if the implementation-defined limit is exceeded; other actions
are unspecified.
Programming Environments
All implementations shall support one of the following programming
environments as a default. Implementations may support more than one of
the following programming environments. Applications can use sysconf()
or getconf to determine which programming environments are supported.
Table: Programming Environments: Type Sizes
Programming Environment Bits in Bits in Bits in Bits in
getconf Name int long pointer off_t
_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32 32 32 32 32
_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG 32 32 32 >=64
_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64 32 64 64 64
_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG >=32 >=64 >=64 >=64
All implementations shall support one or more environments where the
widths of the following types are no greater than the width of type
long: blksize_t, cc_t, mode_t, nfds_t, pid_t, ptrdiff_t, size_t,
speed_t, ssize_t, suseconds_t, tcflag_t, useconds_t, wchar_t, wint_t
The executable files created when these environments are selected shall
be in a proper format for execution by the exec family of functions.
Each environment may be one of the ones in Programming Environments:
Type Sizes , or it may be another environment. The names for the
environments that meet this requirement shall be output by a getconf
command using the _POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS argument. If more
than one environment meets the requirement, the names of all such
environments shall be output on separate lines. Any of these names can
then be used in a subsequent getconf command to obtain the flags
specific to that environment with the following suffixes added as
appropriate:
_CFLAGS
To get the C compiler flags.
_LDFLAGS
To get the linker/loader flags.
_LIBS To get the libraries.
This requirement may be removed in a future version of IEEE Std 1003.1.
When this utility processes a file containing a function called main(),
it shall be defined with a return type equivalent to int. Using return
from the initial call to main() shall be equivalent (other than with
respect to language scope issues) to calling exit() with the returned
value. Reaching the end of the initial call to main() shall be
equivalent to calling exit(0). The implementation shall not declare a
prototype for this function.
Implementations provide configuration strings for C compiler flags,
linker/loader flags, and libraries for each supported environment. When
an application needs to use a specific programming environment rather
than the implementation default programming environment while
compiling, the application shall first verify that the implementation
supports the desired environment. If the desired programming
environment is supported, the application shall then invoke c99 with
the appropriate C compiler flags as the first options for the compile,
the appropriate linker/loader flags after any other options but before
any operands, and the appropriate libraries at the end of the operands.
Conforming applications shall not attempt to link together object files
compiled for different programming models. Applications shall also be
aware that binary data placed in shared memory or in files might not be
recognized by applications built for other programming models.
Table: Programming Environments: c99 and cc Arguments
Programming Environment c99 and cc Arguments
getconf Name Use getconf Name
_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32 C Compiler Flags POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS
Linker/Loader Flags POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS
Libraries POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS
_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG C Compiler Flags POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
Linker/Loader Flags POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
Libraries POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS
_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64 C Compiler Flags POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS
Linker/Loader Flags POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS
Libraries POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS
_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG C Compiler Flags POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
Linker/Loader Flags POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
Libraries POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful compilation or link edit.
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
When c99 encounters a compilation error that causes an object file not
to be created, it shall write a diagnostic to standard error and
continue to compile other source code operands, but it shall not
perform the link phase and return a non-zero exit status. If the link
edit is unsuccessful, a diagnostic message shall be written to standard
error and c99 exits with a non-zero status. A conforming application
shall rely on the exit status of c99, rather than on the existence or
mode of the executable file.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
Since the c99 utility usually creates files in the current directory
during the compilation process, it is typically necessary to run the
c99 utility in a directory in which a file can be created.
On systems providing POSIX Conformance (see the Base Definitions volume
of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 2, Conformance), c99 is required only
with the C-Language Development option; XSI-conformant systems always
provide c99.
Some historical implementations have created .o files when -c is not
specified and more than one source file is given. Since this area is
left unspecified, the application cannot rely on .o files being
created, but it also must be prepared for any related .o files that
already exist being deleted at the completion of the link edit.
Some historical implementations have permitted -L options to be
interspersed with -l operands on the command line. For an application
to compile consistently on systems that do not behave like this, it is
necessary for a conforming application to supply all -L options before
any of the -l options.
There is the possible implication that if a user supplies versions of
the standard functions (before they would be encountered by an implicit
-l c or explicit -l m), that those versions would be used in place of
the standard versions. There are various reasons this might not be
true (functions defined as macros, manipulations for clean name space,
and so on), so the existence of files named in the same manner as the
standard libraries within the -L directories is explicitly stated to
produce unspecified behavior.
All of the functions specified in the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 may be made visible by implementations when the
Standard C Library is searched. Conforming applications must explicitly
request searching the other standard libraries when functions made
visible by those libraries are used.
EXAMPLES
1. The following usage example compiles foo.c and creates the
executable file foo:
c99 -o foo foo.c
The following usage example compiles foo.c and creates the object file
foo.o:
c99 -c foo.c
The following usage example compiles foo.c and creates the executable
file a.out:
c99 foo.c
The following usage example compiles foo.c, links it with bar.o, and
creates the executable file a.out. It may also create and leave foo.o:
c99 foo.c bar.o
2. The following example shows how an application using threads
interfaces can test for support of and use a programming
environment supporting 32-bit int, long, and pointer types and an
off_t type using at least 64 bits:
if [ $(getconf _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG) != "-1" ]
then
c99 $(getconf POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS) -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=600 \
$(getconf POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS) foo.c -o foo \
$(getconf POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS) -l pthread
else
echo ILP32_OFFBIG programming environment not supported
exit 1
fi
3. The following examples clarify the use and interactions of -L
options and -l operands.
Consider the case in which module a.c calls function f() in library
libQ.a, and module b.c calls function g() in library libp.a. Assume
that both libraries reside in /a/b/c. The command line to compile and
link in the desired way is:
c99 -L /a/b/c main.o a.c -l Q b.c -l p
In this case the -l Q operand need only precede the first -l p operand,
since both libQ.a and libp.a reside in the same directory.
Multiple -L operands can be used when library name collisions occur.
Building on the previous example, suppose that the user wants to use a
new libp.a, in /a/a/a, but still wants f() from /a/b/c/libQ.a:
c99 -L /a/a/a -L /a/b/c main.o a.c -l Q b.c -l p
In this example, the linker searches the -L options in the order
specified, and finds /a/a/a/libp.a before /a/b/c/libp.a when resolving
references for b.c. The order of the -l operands is still important,
however.
4. The following example shows how an application can use a
programming environment where the widths of the following types:
blksize_t, cc_t, mode_t, nfds_t, pid_t, ptrdiff_t, size_t, speed_t,
ssize_t, suseconds_t, tcflag_t, useconds_t, wchar_t, wint_t
are no greater than the width of type long:
# First choose one of the listed environments ...
# ... if there are no additional constraints, the first one will do:
CENV=$(getconf _POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS | head -n l)
# ... or, if an environment that supports large files is preferred,
# look for names that contain "OFF64" or "OFFBIG". (This chooses
# the last one in the list if none match.)
for CENV in $(getconf _POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS)
do
case $CENV in
*OFF64*|*OFFBIG*) break ;;
esac
done
# The chosen environment name can now be used like this:
c99 $(getconf ${CENV}_CFLAGS) -D _POSIX_C_SOURCE=200112L \
$(getconf ${CENV}_LDFLAGS) foo.c -o foo \
$(getconf ${CENV}_LIBS)
RATIONALE
The c99 utility is based on the c89 utility originally introduced in
the ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard.
Some of the changes from c89 include the modification to the contents
of the Standard Libraries section to account for new headers and
options; for example, <spawn.h> added to the -l rt operand, and the -l
trace operand added for the Tracing functions.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
File Read, Write, and Creation , ar , getconf , make , nm , strip ,
umask() , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, exec,
sysconf(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter
13, Headers
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .