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NAME

       mmv - move/copy/append/link multiple files by wildcard patterns

SYNOPSIS

       mmv [-m|x|r|c|o|a|l|s] [-h] [-d|p] [-g|t] [-v|n] [--] [from to]

DESCRIPTION

       Mmv moves (or copies, appends, or links, as specified) each source file
       matching a from pattern to the target name specified by the to pattern.
       This  multiple  action is performed safely, i.e. without any unexpected
       deletion of files due to  collisions  of  target  names  with  existing
       filenames  or  with  other  target  names.   Furthermore,  before doing
       anything, mmv attempts to detect any errors that would result from  the
       entire set of actions specified and gives the user the choice of either
       proceeding by avoiding the  offending  parts  or  aborting.   mmv  does
       support  large files (LFS) but it does *NOT* support sparse files (i.e.
       it explodes them).

                                  The Task Options

       Whether mmv moves, copies, appends, or links is governed by  the  first
       set  of  options given above.  If none of these are specified, the task
       is given by the command name under which mmv was invoked (argv[0]):

            command name   default task

            mmv            -x
            mcp            -c
            mad            -a
            mln            -l

       The task option choices are:

       -m :   move source file to target name.   Both  must  be  on  the  same
              device.   Will  not  move  directories.  If the source file is a
              symbolic link, moves the link without  checking  if  the  link’s
              target from the new directory is different than the old.

       -x :   same  as -m, except cross-device moves are done by copying, then
              deleting source.  When copying, sets  the  permission  bits  and
              file  modification time of the target file to that of the source
              file.

       -r :   rename source file or directory to target name.  The target name
              must  not include a path: the file remains in the same directory
              in  all  cases.   This  option  is  the  only  way  of  renaming
              directories under mmv.

       -c :   copy  source  file  to  target name.  Sets the file modification
              time and permission bits of the  target  file  to  that  of  the
              source  file,  regardless  of  whether  the  target file already
              exists.  Chains and cycles  (to  be  explained  below)  are  not
              allowed.

       -o :   overwrite  target name with source file.  If target file exists,
              it is overwritten, keeping its  original  owner  and  permission
              bits.   If  it  does  not  exist, it is created, with read-write
              permission bits set  according  to  umask(1),  and  the  execute
              permission  bits  copied  from the source file.  In either case,
              the file modification time is set to the current time.

       -a :   append contents of source file  to  target  name.   Target  file
              modification  time  is  set to the current time.  If target file
              does not exist, it is created with permission bits set as  under
              -o.   Unlike  all other options, -a allows multiple source files
              to have the same target name, e.g. "mmv -a \*.c big" will append
              all ".c" files to "big".  Chains and cycles are also allowed, so
              "mmv -a f f" will double up "f".

       -l :   link target name to source file.   Both  must  be  on  the  same
              device,  and  the  source  must  not be a directory.  Chains and
              cycles are not allowed.

       -s :   same as -l, but use symbolic links instead of hard  links.   For
              the  resulting link to aim back at the source, either the source
              name must begin with a ’/’, or the target must reside in  either
              the   current  or  the  source  directory.   If  none  of  these
              conditions are met, the link is refused.   However,  source  and
              target  can reside on different devices, and the source can be a
              directory.

       Only one of these option may be given, and it applies to  all  matching
       files.   Remaining options need not be given separately, i.e. "mmv -mk"
       is allowed.

                               Multiple Pattern Pairs

       Multiple from -- to pattern pairs may  be  specified  by  omitting  the
       pattern  pair  on  the  command line, and entering them on the standard
       input, one pair per line.  (If a pattern pair is given on  the  command
       line, the standard input is not read.)  Thus,

          mmv
          a b
          c d

       would  rename  "a"  to "b" and "c" to "d".  If a file can be matched to
       several of the given  from  patterns,  the  to  pattern  of  the  first
       matching pair is used.  Thus,

          mmv
          a b
          a c

       would give the error message "a -> c : no match" because file "a" (even
       if it exists) was already matched by the first pattern pair.

                                  The From Pattern

       The from pattern is a  filename  with  embedded  wildcards:  ’*’,  ’?’,
       ’[’...’]’,  and  ’;’.   The first three have their usual sh(1) meanings
       of, respectively, matching  any  string  of  characters,  matching  any
       single character, and matching any one of a set of characters.

       Between  the  ’[’ and ’]’, a range from character ’a’ through character
       ’z’ is specified with "a-z".  The set of  matching  characters  can  be
       negated  by  inserting  a  ’^’  after the ’[’.  Thus, "[^b-e2-5_]" will
       match any character but ’b’ through ’e’, ’2’ through ’5’, and ’_’.

       Note that paths are allowed in  the  patterns,  and  wildcards  may  be
       intermingled  with slashes arbitrarily.  The ’;’ wildcard is useful for
       matching files at any depth in the directory tree.  It matches the same
       as  "*/"  repeated  any  number  of times, including zero, and can only
       occur either at the beginning of the pattern or following a ’/’.   Thus
       ";*.c"  will  match  all  ".c" files in or below the current directory,
       while "/;*.c" will match them anywhere on the file system.

       In addition, if the from pattern (or the to pattern) begins with  "~/",
       the  ’~’  is  replaced  with  the  home directory name.  (Note that the
       "~user" feature of csh(1) is not implemented.)  However, the ’~’ is not
       treated  as a wildcard, in the sense that it is not assigned a wildcard
       index (see below).

       Since matching a directory under a task option  other  than  -r  or  -s
       would  result in an error, tasks other than -r and -s match directories
       only against completely explicit from  patterns  (i.e.  not  containing
       wildcards).  Under -r and -s, this applies only to "." and "..".

       Files  beginning  with  ’.’ are only matched against from patterns that
       begin with an explicit ’.’.  However, if  -h  is  specified,  they  are
       matched normally.

       Warning:  since the shell normally expands wildcards before passing the
       command-line arguments to mmv, it is usually necessary to  enclose  the
       command-line from and to patterns in quotes.

                                   The To Pattern

       The  to  pattern is a filename with embedded wildcard indexes, where an
       index consists of the character ’#’ followed by  a  string  of  digits.
       When  a  source file matches a from pattern, a target name for the file
       is constructed out of the to pattern by replacing the wildcard  indexes
       by  the  actual characters that matched the referenced wildcards in the
       source name.  Thus, if the from pattern is "abc*.*" and the to  pattern
       is "xyz#2.#1", then "abc.txt" is targeted to "xyztxt.".  (The first ’*’
       matched "", and the second matched "txt".)  Similarly, for the  pattern
       pair   ";*.[clp]"  ->  "#1#3/#2",  "foo1/foo2/prog.c"  is  targeted  to
       "foo1/foo2/c/prog".  Note that there is no ’/’ following  the  "#1"  in
       the  to  pattern,  since the string matched by any ’;’ is always either
       empty or ends in a ’/’.  In this case, it matches "foo1/foo2/".

       To convert the string matched by a  wildcard  to  either  lowercase  or
       uppercase  before  embedding  it in the target name, insert ’l’ or ’u’,
       respectively, between the ’#’ and the string of digits.

       The to pattern, like the from pattern,  can  begin  with  a  "~/"  (see
       above).   This  does not necessitate enclosing the to pattern in quotes
       on the command line since csh(1) expands the  ’~’  in  the  exact  same
       manner as mmv (or, in the case of sh(1), does not expand it at all).

       For  all task options other than -r, if the target name is a directory,
       the real target name is formed by appending a ’/’ followed by the  last
       component  of  the  source  file  name.  For example, "mmv dir1/a dir2"
       will, if "dir2" is  indeed  a  directory,  actually  move  "dir1/a"  to
       "dir2/a".   However,  if  "dir2/a"  already  exists  and  is  itself  a
       directory, this is considered an error.

       To strip any character (e.g. ’*’, ’?’, or ’#’) of its  special  meaning
       to  mmv, as when the actual replacement name must contain the character
       ’#’, precede the special character with a ´\’ (and enclose the argument
       in  quotes  because  of  the  shell).   This  also works to terminate a
       wildcard index when it has to be followed by a digit in  the  filename,
       e.g. "a#1\1".

                                  Chains and Cycles

       A chain is a sequence of specified actions where the target name of one
       action refers to the source file of another action.  For example,

       mmv
       a b
       b c

       specifies the chain "a" -> "b" -> "c".  A cycle is a  chain  where  the
       last  target name refers back to the first source file, e.g. "mmv a a".
       Mmv detects chains and cycles regardless of the order  in  which  their
       constituent actions are actually given.  Where allowed, i.e. in moving,
       renaming,  and  appending  files,  chains  and   cycles   are   handled
       gracefully,  by performing them in the proper order.  Cycles are broken
       by first renaming one of  the  files  to  a  temporary  name  (or  just
       remembering its original size when doing appends).

                              Collisions and Deletions

       When  any two or more matching files would have to be moved, copied, or
       linked to the same target filename, mmv detects  the  condition  as  an
       error before performing any actions.  Furthermore, mmv checks if any of
       its actions will result in the destruction of existing files.   If  the
       -d  (delete)  option is specified, all file deletions or overwrites are
       done silently.  Under -p (protect), all deletions or overwrites (except
       those  specified  with  "(*)"  on  the  standard  input, see below) are
       treated as errors.  And if neither option is  specified,  the  user  is
       queried  about each deletion or overwrite separately.  (A new stream to
       "/dev/tty" is used  for  all  interactive  queries,  not  the  standard
       input.)

                                   Error Handling

       Whenever  any error in the user’s action specifications is detected, an
       error message is given on the standard  output,  and  mmv  proceeds  to
       check the rest of the specified actions.  Once all errors are detected,
       mmv queries the user whether he wishes  to  continue  by  avoiding  the
       erroneous  actions  or to abort altogether.  This and all other queries
       may be avoided by specifying either  the  -g  (go)  or  -t  (terminate)
       option.   The  former  will  resolve  all  difficulties by avoiding the
       erroneous actions;  the  latter  will  abort  mmv  if  any  errors  are
       detected.   Specifying  either of them defaults mmv to -p, unless -d is
       specified (see above).  Thus, -g and -t are most  useful  when  running
       mmv  in  the  background or in a shell script, when interactive queries
       are undesirable.

                                       Reports

       Once the actions to be performed  are  determined,  mmv  performs  them
       silently,  unless  either the -v (verbose) or -n (no-execute) option is
       specified.  The former causes mmv to report each  performed  action  on
       the standard output as

       a -> b : done.

       Here,  "a"  and  "b"  would be replaced by the source and target names,
       respectively.  If the  action  deletes  the  old  target,  a  "(*)"  is
       inserted  after the the target name.  Also, the "->" symbol is modified
       when a cycle has to be broken: the ’>’ is  changed  to  a  ’^’  on  the
       action prior to which the old target is renamed to a temporary, and the
       ’-’ is changed to a ’=’ on the action where the temporary is used.

       Under -n, none of the actions are  performed,  but  messages  like  the
       above are printed on the standard output with the ": done." omitted.

       The  output generated by -n can (after editing, if desired) be fed back
       to mmv on the standard input (by omitting the from -- to  pair  on  the
       mmv  command  line).   To  facilitate  this,  mmv  ignores lines on the
       standard input that look like its own error  and  "done"  messages,  as
       well  as  all lines beginning with white space, and will accept pattern
       pairs with or without the intervening "->" (or "-^",  "=>",  or  "=^").
       Lines  with  "(*)" after the target pattern have the effect of enabling
       -d for the files matching this pattern only, so that such deletions are
       done  silently.   When feeding mmv its own output, one must remember to
       specify again the task option (if any) originally used to generate  it.

       Although  mmv  attempts  to predict all mishaps prior to performing any
       specified actions, accidents may happen.  For  example,  mmv  does  not
       check for adequate free space when copying.  Thus, despite all efforts,
       it is still possible for an action  to  fail  after  some  others  have
       already  been  done.  To make recovery as easy as possible, mmv reports
       which actions have  already  been  done  and  which  are  still  to  be
       performed  after such a failure occurs.  It then aborts, not attempting
       to do anything else.  Once the user has cleared up the problem, he  can
       feed  this report back to mmv on the standard input to have it complete
       the task.  (The user is queried for a file name to dump this report  if
       the standard output has not been redirected.)

EXIT STATUS

       Mmv exits with status 1 if it aborts before doing anything, with status
       2 if it aborts due to failure after completing some of the actions, and
       with status 0 otherwise.

SEE ALSO

       mv(1), cp(1), ln(1), umask(1)

AUTHOR

       Vladimir Lanin
       lanin@csd2.nyu.edu

BUGS

       If  the  search pattern is not quoted, the shell expands the wildcards.
       Mmv then (usually) gives some error message, but can not determine that
       the lack of quotes is the cause.

       To  avoid  difficulties in semantics and error checking, mmv refuses to
       move or create directories.

                          November 20, 2001 (v1.0lfs)                   MMV(1)