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NAME

       exifprobe  -  probe and report structure and metadata content of camera
       image files

SYNOPSIS

       exifprobe [options] filename(s)

DESCRIPTION

       Exifprobe reads image files  produced  by  digital  cameras  (including
       several  so-called "raw" file formats) and reports the structure of the
       files and the auxilliary data and metadata contained  within  them.  In
       addition  to  TIFF,  JPEG,  and  EXIF,  the program understands several
       formats which may contain "raw" camera data, including  MRW,  CIFF/CRW,
       JP2/JPEG2000,  RAF,  and  X3F,  as well as most most TIFF-derived "raw"
       formats, including DNG, ORF, CR2, NEF, K25/KDC/DCR, and PEF. Other TIFF
       or JPEG-derived formats (which begin with a TIFF header or JPEG marker)
       should  also  be  readable.   The  program  attempts  to  display   ALL
       information  in  the image file, in a manner which mimics the structure
       of the file as closely as possible.

       Where possible, output is not limited to “known” data items.  I.e.  for
       tagged  file formats, unknown tags will be identified by tag number and
       type, and values shown without interpretation. Proprietary, untagged or
       fixed  format  files  do not permit this, but unknown or undefined data
       can usually be dumped in a hex/ascii format for examination, so long as
       the  file structure is understood. The program will report the contents
       of any properly structured TIFF IFD or CIFF directory encountered, even
       when entry tags are not recognized.  Recognized TIFF, TIFF/EP, DNG, and
       CIFF  tags  are  expanded,  including  EXIF2.2  sections   and   camera
       MakerNotes  which are found to be in TIFF IFD format.  TIFF and/or JPEG
       sections found in MRW, RAF or JP2 files will be  reported,  along  with
       the  “native”  sections  of  those  formats. JP2 boxes will be reported
       whether known or unknown, and expanded if known.  Unknown boxes  cannot
       be  expanded, since JP2 is not tagged below the box (or sub-box) level.

       An effort is made to identify all  sub-images  (in  any  image  format)
       contained  in multi-image files; the location, size, and format of such
       images is reported, and a hex/ascii dump  of  the  image  data  may  be
       requested.  Image data is not processed, but the program will recognize
       and report all standard JPEG and JPEG2000 markers (including JPEG  APPn
       markers) and will expand APP0 (JFIF/JFXX) and APP1 (EXIF) sections.

       Since  the  program  does  not  attempt to display images or modify the
       contents of files, it can often recover from  and  report  failures  or
       warn  about  structural oddities which would confuse a display or image
       edit program.

       There are a wide variety of output formats, selectable in detail by the
       “lower  case”  options  described  in the OPTIONS section below.  These
       options select which items to print, and within  narrow  confines,  how
       and  where  to  print  them.  A large number of combinations of options
       exist, and some of those combinations may not be sensible.  In order to
       avoid   the   need   for   constant   creativity  or  invention,  three
       “prefabricated” output formats are provided, selected by the upper case
       option letters.

       The  structural  (-S) output format (default) provides a description of
       the image file which mimics as  closely  as  possible  the  layout  and
       structure  of  the  data  in  the image file, including file offsets of
       headers, section and segment markers, fully described TIFF  IFDs,  CIFF
       directories,  or  JP2  boxes,  and  the location of actual image and/or
       thumbnail data.  The contents of each section are indented relative  to
       the  beginning  of  the  section, and ”offset” values for TIFF IFDs and
       CIFF directories are reported at  the  offsets  where  they  are  found
       (usually  following  the entry list for TIFF, or in the HEAP for CIFF).
       The peculiar “reverse” structures of CIFF and X3F formats  are  handled
       sensibly.

       The report format (-R) shows the “logical” structure of the image file,
       but eliminates addresses, offsets, IFD value types  and  counts,  etc.,
       and prints “offset” directory values inline, while otherwise preserving
       the primary structure of the data.

       The list format (-L) omits all structural data. It  writes  only  “tag”
       values  from  TIFF,  Exif,  and  MakerNote  IFDs,  CIFF or other format
       directories or JP2 boxes,  including  section  and  image  offsets  and
       sizes.   Identifiable  values  from non-tagged formats are written in a
       similar manner.  This format may be useful for  extracting  information
       for photo galleries.

       The  structural  format  is  default.   This  format  provides  maximum
       information about the  contents  of  an  image  file,  and  may  reveal
       information  (sometimes  important)  which other formats (or image info
       programs) may hide.

       In all formats, the filename, file type, file size, an  image  summary,
       and a summary file format will be displayed (even when all other output
       is disabled by option). The image summary includes  a  summary  report,
       for  each  subimage  found, giving the image type, compression type (if
       any), pixel size, data length, file offset where found, and section  of
       the  file which includes or references the image.  In some cases, short
       remarks may be included for images mentioned but not  found,  etc.  The
       summary concludes with the number of images found, and number of images
       not found (if any). The summary is followed  by  a  listing  of  format
       sections  found  (TIFF/JPEG/EXIF, etc.) and a type identifier for TIFF-
       derived types (e.g. CR2) where possible.

       An environment variable may be set to a list of  options  to  customize
       the default output behavior (see below).

   MakerNotes
       Camera-generated  images  which  contain EXIF sections may also contain
       sections introduced by a MakerNote tag, which may  contain  information
       about  camera  or  firmware  settings  used  to produce the image.  The
       structure and contents of MakerNote sections is  not  mandated  by  the
       Exif  specification, but many camera MakerNotes are written in TIFF IFD
       format, possibly offset following an ID string or new TIFF  header  (or
       both),  and  sometimes with inventive handling of “offsets”.  Exifprobe
       currently understands and automatically detects such schemes and prints
       the  contents  of  the  IFD  (and  the  ID  string,  if present).  This
       detection is not dependent upon make or  model  of  camera.   Make  and
       Model  information will usually be available from the first TIFF IFD in
       the file; this information may  be  used  to  interpret  the  MakerNote
       information  for “known” cameras; otherwise, tag numbers, sizes, types,
       and raw values from the IFD will  be  shown  (if  permitted  by  option
       settings).

       Some  camera makes are known to use more than one version of MakerNote,
       depending  upon  model.   If  an  unknown  model  from  that  maker  is
       encountered,  the  note  will  be  briefly  examined  and a noteversion
       assigned automatically if possible.  If that fails, the  note  will  be
       displayed without interpretation.

       MakerNotes  which are not in a recognizable IFD format will be reported
       (start and end offsets) in structural (-S) and report  (-R)  formats  ,
       and  the beginning of the note section hex/ascii dumped.  The remainder
       of the note may be dumped, in whole or in part, by the -M  option  (see
       below).

       In  list  (-L)  format, the starting file offset and length supplied by
       the MakerNote tag will be  reported,  and  three  “pseudo”  tags  which
       report  the  offset  (MakerNote.Offset),  size  (MakerNote.Length)  and
       scheme (MakerNote.Scheme) will appear.

   JPEG APPn
       In JPEG interchange format files,  APP0  (JFIF,JFXX)  and  APP1  (Exif)
       segments  will  be fully decoded, and the “printable” portions of APP12
       sections will be displayed. APP3 (Meta) sections will be  expanded  and
       the   contained   TIFF   IFD   will   be   displayed,  although  little
       interpretation is done. Other APP markers will  be  reported,  and  the
       sections  may  be  hex/ascii  dumped  in  whole or in part using the -A
       option. APP1 sections not marked as Exif will be treated as unknown.

   ANSI Color
       The program (by default) emits ANSI color escape sequences to highlight
       Exif,  MakerNote  ,  and  Interoperability  sub-sections.   Errors  and
       warnings are highlighted in red.  These  sequences  are  effective,  of
       course,  only  for  terminals  or terminal emulators (e.g. xterm) which
       respond to ANSI color escape sequences.  If a pager is used to  display
       the  output  when  these  sequences  are present, a “raw” option to the
       pager may be required (e.g. less -R).  The use of these  sequences  may
       be toggled by the -c option.  LIST mode turns color sequences off.

       The program may be compiled without support for color sequences.

OUTPUT FORMATS

       In all formats, and regardless of option setting, the first three lines
       of output for each file processed are the filename, image  type  (TIFF,
       CIFF,  JP2, etc.), and the file size.  If the type (taken from the file
       header) specifies a data byte order, the byte order will  be  indicated
       with the type as ‘II’ (Intel byte order) or ‘MM’ (Motorola byte order).
       The image summary and summary format will always be printed at the end.

   Structural Format
       Structural format output begins with a display of the file header.  The
       header is followed by lines of the form
              <IFD0>
                  ...
              </IFD0>
              <APP0>
                  ...
              </APP0>
              <DIRECTORY>
                  ...
              </DIRECTORY>
       etc.  to indicate the beginning and end of each “section” of the  file.
       Actual  section  names  will,  of  course,  depend upon the file format
       and/or the tags encountered.  Only the TIFF  IFD  format  is  described
       here;  other formats are similar, except that JP2 box names are printed
       inside square (rather than  angle)  brackets,  and  MRW  section  names
       inside curly braces.

       Within  sections,  directory  entries,  subdirectories, the contents of
       known APP sections, JPEG segment markers, etc. are  printed.   Non-jpeg
       image data sections will be shown with a few lines of hex/ascii dump of
       the beginning of the data.

       Each line of output is preceded by a  file  offset  given  in  hex  and
       decimal.   File  offsets are preceded by the character ‘@’, except that
       section end markers are preceded by ‘-’ and the character  ‘>’  may  be
       used  to  mark sections which are located outside the IFD in which they
       are declared.  If that section includes a subsection which is similarly
       afflicted, the ’>’ is replaced by ’+’ in the subsection.  In JP2 files,
       the ’@’ is replaced by ’=’, for no particular reason.

       JPEG and JPEG2000 segment markers are written with the marker name, and
       the decoded values of any information associated with the marker.

       TIFF information is written in a manner which reflects the structure of
       the IFD, with  all  values  interpreted  according  to  the  applicable
       specification  where  possible.   All  IFD  fields  are  reported.  The
       following fields  will  appear  on  each  line  (in  the  order  given,
       following the file offset):

       ·      Tag  number  in  hex  and  decimal  representations, enclosed in
              brackets.

       ·      Tag name (where known); names for unknown tags are created as  a
              hex  representation  of  the  tag  number prefixed by the string
              ’TAG_’.

       ·      The TIFF type number, name, and byte count  for  the  associated
              value, enclosed in square brackets.

       ·      The “value/offset” for the entry.  If the value fits in the four
              bytes of the entry, the value is printed directly.

              If the value for the entry did not fit in the four bytes of  the
              entry,  then the value found is an offset to the actual location
              of the data; that offset is printed preceded by an  ’@’  symbol.
              The actual value will be printed later, at the file offset where
              it was found (except in some non-conforming MakerNote IFDs).  If
              the  value requires interpretation (e.g. TIFF Orientation) it is
              followed by an ’=’ sign  and  the  interpretation,  enclosed  in
              double quotes (e.g. 0,0 top left).

       The list of entries will be followed by a line giving the offset to the
       next IFD (often 0) which is always found at the end of a TIFF IFD entry
       list.

       If  there  were  offset  entries found in the list above, the TIFF (and
       Exif) specification requires that they will  be  located  next  in  the
       file,  immediately  following  the dirctory entries.  This stricture is
       frequently ignored in MakerNotes  and  TIFF-derived  formats.   A  line
       reporting  the  beginning  of  these  offset  values  will  be  printed
       immediately after the next IFD offset, followed by one  line  for  each
       offset entry, with the tag name repeated, followed by the actual value,
       followed by its interpretation (if any).

       Multiple values in entries are printed on  a  single  line,  but  large
       lists  will  be  elided, with just the first two or three values shown,
       followed by an ellipsis, followed by the  last  value,  the  number  of
       values,  and  the offset of the last value in the list.  The full value
       list may be printed using the -eA option.

       In structural format, ascii strings in the entry are  printed  for  the
       entire  length  given  in  the IFD entry, including nulls and non-ascii
       values (if present), which are printed in ‘backslashed’ octal notation.
       The  -ea option may be used to force ascii values to be printed only up
       to the first null.  This option is  often  necessary  for  CIFF  format
       files, and is enabled by default in “list” mode.

       Entries  are  indented  slightly from the start identifier for the IFD,
       and subsegments (e.g. an  Exif  IFD,  SubIFD,  or  MakerNote)  will  be
       further indented in order to indicate the structure of the file.

       The  resulting  output  displays  the  contents  of  the IFD much as it
       appears  in  the  file  (see  the  TIFF  or  EXIF  specifications   for
       descriptions of the IFD format).

       Finally,  the  start and end of actual image data for the primary image
       (and possibly thumbnail or reduced-resolution image) is reported at the
       end.   For  JPEG  images,  this  usually  includes  display of the JPEG
       segment markers within the image.  Binary format  image  data  will  be
       shown with a brief hex/ascii dump of the beginning of the data, between
       start and end markers.

       Note that values preceded by ‘@’ are always offsets from the  beginning
       of  the  file to the actual value.  IFD offsets are usually recorded in
       the file as offsets relative to the beginning of the TIFF header (which
       is  offset  from  the beginning of the file in JPEG APP1 files) but are
       adjusted by exifprobe to show offset from the beginning  of  the  file.
       If  it  is  important  to see the recorded value, the -er option may be
       used to print the recorded value in parentheses, following the adjusted
       file offset.

   Report Format
       The  report format (-R) displays all sections and segments of the image
       file, including start and end of sections, but eliminates much  of  the
       “cruft”   of   the  structural  format  by  eliminating  address/offset
       information and much of the ‘internal’ information from  the  TIFF  IFD
       (tag  number,  type  and count).  Offset values are printed inline with
       the tag name.  The output is indented to show the logical structure  of
       the  image file, but is much less difficult to view than the structural
       format.

   List format
       The list format (-L) suppresses structural  information,  writing  only
       content  in the format tagname = value or tagname = value = what value
       means. For non-tagged file formats, the tagname will be replaced by  a
       fixed  identifier  for  the  item.  In LIST format, “long” tagnames are
       used, which include the names of all parent sections of the section  in
       which  the  data  is found.  Long tagnames can be toggled off, although
       this is unwise if the file contains multiple image sections.

       The “value” of tags or items which represent an offset to a  subsection
       or image are printed in list format as “@offset:length”.

       The  List  format  is  used  by  the  auxilliary script exifgrep, which
       permits selective extraction of information e.g. for  photo  galleries,
       and output in (almost) “shell variable” format.

   Custom Formats
       The   -Z  option  “zeroes”  all  option  flags  (except  the  longnames
       modifier), after which the  lower-case  options  may  be  used  to  set
       desired  options.  The lower-case options are ‘toggles’, which may also
       be used to turn off items in the pre-defined formats.

       As an example, the command:

           exifprobe -Z -et somefile.tif

       may be used to list just the TIFF and Exif  tags,  without  values  (or
       anything else) in “long name” format.

            exifprobe -eNnT somefile.tif

       will  print in structural format, suppressing output of hex and decimal
       tag numbers, and tag type and count.

       The “zero-level” output still reports the file data and  image  summary
       as described above.

OPTIONS

       The  environment  variable  EXIFPROBE_OPTIONS  may  be set to any valid
       option string, which will be evaluated  before  command  line  options.
       E.g.

       export EXIFPROBE_OPTIONS=’-L -c’

       will  make  list  format  the  default output format, and re-enable the
       color sequences turned off by -L.

       Options are evaluated from left to right, so -Z should be given  first,
       while -D (decimal only) or -X (hex only) should be given last.

       -S        Structure  mode:  (default)  almost everything; offset values
                 not inline

       -R        Report mode: like structural, but only tagnames  and  decimal
                 values, indented, inline

       -L        List  mode: print only tags and values (including interpreted
                 values); no section info; no color

       -Z        turn off (zero) all optional output.  Prints  only  filename,
                 filetype, filesize, image summary, and file format.

       -c        toggle  use of ANSI color control sequences to emphasize EXIF
                 sections.  (default ’on’ except list  mode,  unless  compiled
                 with no color support)

       -a        toggle  printing  of  addresses  (file  offsets)  in  hex and
                 decimal

       -I        three-way toggle indent (after address -> before -> none)

       -o        toggle “inline” print of offset IFD values

       -p[items] toggle print identifiers for:

                 s   - sections (IFDs, APPn)

                 g   - segments (JPEG segments)

                 a   - JPEG APP0...APPn entries

                 l   - long  names  (dot-separated  list  of  parent  sections
                     preceding item name)

                 e   - entries. Includes tag names, numbers, types, values.

                 m   - print MakerNote scheme description

                 M   - watch debug of MakerNote scheme detection

       -e[items] toggle print IFD entry items:

                 t   - tagname

                 n   - tag number in decimal

                 N   - tag number in hex

                 T   - entry type and count

                 v   - value in decimal

                 V   - value in hex

                 o   - file offset to value in decimal

                 O   - file offset to value in hex

                 r   - relative (unadjusted) offset in decimal

                 R   -  also  print  “raw”  values  where  normal  values  are
                     computed (e.g. rational values, or some MakerNote  values
                     where APEX values must be computed from a raw value).

                 A   - print ALL elements of multiple-value tags

                 a   - ascii "ignore length" (stop at first null)

       -D        limit   all   enabled   numerical   values  to  decimal  only
                 (addresses, tag numbers, offsets, values)

       -X        limit all enabled numerical values to  hex  only  (addresses,
                 tag numbers, offsets, values)

       -U[len|a] dump  len (or all) bytes of UNDEFINED data found in TIFF IFDS
                 in hex/ascii form (but only if the structure of the  data  is
                 not known)

       -M[len|a] dump  len  (or  all)  bytes  of  unrecognized  MakerNotes  in
                 hex/ascii form (but only if the structure of the data is  not
                 known)

       -A[len|a] dump  len (or all) bytes of unrecognized JPEG APP segments in
                 hex/ascii form (but only if the structure of the data is  not
                 known)

       -B[len|a] dump  len  (or all) bytes of binary image data or failed JPEG
                 image data

       -C[make]+[model]
                 print a list of camera makes/models matching make or model as
                 substrings.  ‘+’ by itself prints everything

       -O start_offset
                 start processing at file offset start_offset

       -n        print  filename  at  beginning of each line of output (useful
                 when grepping multiple files in LIST mode)

       -N noteversion
                 force use  of  note  version  noteversion  when  interpreting
                 MakerNotes.  Useful only if you know what you’re doing.

       -m make   Force  the  makernote code to interpret the note according to
                 the make given, rather than that contained in the file.

       -l model  force the makernote code to interpret the note  according  to
                 the model given, rather than that contained in the file.

       -t        This  option has effect only if set in EXIFPROBE_OPTIONS.  If
                 set when command line options are processed, color   will  be
                 be off by default if the output is not to a tty.  Any command
                 line option which toggles or sets color (e.g. “-R”) will turn
                 color back on.

       -u        Print “raw” Unicode data.  Normally 16 bit data is printed as
                 though the high byte is  zero  (which  is  often  the  case).
                 Writing the nulls would annoy most ascii terminal devices, so
                 the  default  is  more  hospitable.   The  -u  option  forces
                 printing of the full value.

       -h        print a help message

       -V        print program version and copyright

SEE ALSO

       exifgrep(1)
       The TIFF6 specification:
        https://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/TIFF6.pdf
       The Exif 2.2 specification:
        http://tsc.jeita.or.jp/avs/data/cp3451.pdf
       The JFIF specification:
        http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/jfif3.pdf
       The TIFF/EP specification:
        http://www.map.tu.chiba-u.ac.jp/IEC/100/TA2/recdoc/N4378.pdf
       The CIFF specification
        http://xyrion.org/ciff/CIFFspecV1R04.pdf
       The X3F public specification
        http://www.sd9.org.uk/X3F_Format.pdf
       The JPEG2000 public draft (outdated)
        http://www.jpeg.org/public/fcd15444-1.pdf

DIAGNOSTICS

       Most  diagnostics  are  printed  “inline” to stdout, in red if color is
       enabled, and the program attempts to proceed.

BUGS

       Interpretation of MakerNote data for specific cameras is incomplete and
       probably  always will be.  The X3F specification is incomplete, and the
       final JPEG2000/JP2 specification is not freely available;  support  for
       these  formats  is  therefore  not  complete,  and  may not be entirely
       accurate.

       The RAF file format support  is  preliminary  (there  is  no  published
       specification).

       Floating  point  values  read  from the file are expected to be in IEEE
       format (or at least, native format); i.e. no conversions are attempted.

       ANSI  color sequence support should use termcap/terminfo facilities; it
       does not.

AUTHOR

       Duane H. Hesser
       dhh@virtual-cafe.com

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